Arizona / AIANNHCE 4200 / Federally-recognized area

Tohono O'odham Nation

The full tribal profile includes the report map, demographic tables, broadband tables, FCC provider sections, and interactive charts.

99.4%25/3 availability

84.8%100/20 availability

0.0%1000/100 availability

19Fixed providers

Figure 1. Location of Tohono O'odham Nation within Arizona, with boundary detail (inset).

About the Tribal Area

In Arizona, this federally recognized tribe uses Tohono O'odham Nation Reservation as its main reservation, and it spans about 4454 square miles. FCC BDC records show 19 fixed providers and 4 mobile providers serving roughly 4,293 service locations, with current availability of 99.4% at 25/3 Mbps, 84.8% at 100/20, and 72.5% at 1000/100.

Tribal Area Description

In the Sonoran Desert adjacent to the Mexican border.

Website Summary: www.tonation-nsn.gov

Official Website of the Tohono O’odham Nation We are pleased to present to you, the members of the Tohono O’odham Nation and Internet communities, the official website of the Tohono O’odham Nation! The website includes sections on Tohono O'odham Nation, Community, About Us, Districts, Education, and Location.

Table 1. Demographics

Indicator	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Population	10,747	10,826	10,554	10,052	9,497	8,975
Households	2,820	2,909	2,914	2,765	2,612	2,448
Median age	30.1	30.9	30.1	30.7	30.8	31.2
Male / Female	47.8% / 52.2%	46.6% / 53.4%	47.6% / 52.4%	47.1% / 52.9%	47.3% / 52.7%	47.2% / 52.8%
Avg. household size	3.73	3.64	3.55	3.53	3.53	3.55
Pop. density (per sq mi)	2.4	2.4	2.4	2.3	2.1	2.0
HH density (per sq mi)	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.6

Table 2. Economic & Education

Indicator	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Median household income	$30,135	$35,952	$37,931	$39,835	$43,269	$44,427
Per capita income	$12,364	$13,181	$14,435	$16,448	$17,694	$18,145
Poverty rate	45.2%	43.4%	42.8%	40.0%	36.5%	33.6%
Unemployment rate	24.4%	22.5%	18.6%	12.7%	8.9%	10.0%
HS diploma or higher	59.0%	58.3%	57.7%	54.6%	53.4%	52.1%
Bachelor's degree or higher	6.2%	6.9%	6.5%	5.8%	6.0%	7.3%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-Year Estimates. Queried by AIANNHCE code. Population and household density are calculated from Census population or households divided by land area in square miles.

Table 3. Download/Upload Speeds (Mbps)

Period	Download	Upload
2019Q1	26.5 Mbps	9.8 Mbps
2019Q2	41.6 Mbps	16.2 Mbps
2019Q3	35.9 Mbps	9.3 Mbps
2019Q4	28.3 Mbps	7.2 Mbps
2020Q1	25.9 Mbps	9.5 Mbps
2020Q2	26.0 Mbps	13.0 Mbps
2020Q3	19.8 Mbps	6.0 Mbps
2020Q4	23.0 Mbps	4.9 Mbps
2021Q1	18.3 Mbps	9.5 Mbps
2021Q2	24.5 Mbps	10.2 Mbps
2021Q3	32.5 Mbps	8.8 Mbps
2021Q4	25.7 Mbps	10.1 Mbps
2022Q1	32.9 Mbps	10.5 Mbps
2022Q2	34.0 Mbps	7.9 Mbps
2022Q3	33.1 Mbps	11.8 Mbps
2022Q4	38.9 Mbps	17.0 Mbps
2023Q1	32.5 Mbps	11.5 Mbps
2023Q2	35.5 Mbps	14.2 Mbps
2023Q3	34.1 Mbps	16.5 Mbps
2023Q4	44.1 Mbps	15.1 Mbps
2024Q1	40.0 Mbps	16.1 Mbps
2024Q2	66.7 Mbps	24.3 Mbps
2024Q3	86.5 Mbps	40.9 Mbps

Table 4. Coverage by Tier (%)

Year	25/3	100/20	1 Gbps
2015	3.5%	3.5%	0.0%
2016	25.2%	25.2%	0.0%
2017	32.5%	31.9%	0.0%
2018	60.9%	42.8%	0.0%
2019	62.2%	62.2%	2.2%
2020	62.2%	62.2%	2.2%
2021	78.9%	65.0%	0.0%
2022	78.7%	70.5%	60.4%
2023	91.0%	81.1%	69.9%
2024	99.4%	84.8%	0.0%

Table 5. Adoption (%)

Year	All households	Low-income households
2017	19.3%	25.3%
2018	20.0%	32.0%
2019	21.5%	32.8%
2020	27.3%	32.6%
2021	32.4%	36.7%
2022	41.3%	37.4%
2023	42.6%	39.6%
2024	49.2%	48.9%

Table 6. Current Status (2024, %)

Tier	Coverage
25/3 Mbps	99.4%
100/20 Mbps	84.8%
1 Gbps	0.0%

Table 7. Comparison with National Averages (%)

Metric	Tribal	National
25/3 Mbps	99.4%	92%
100/20 Mbps	84.8%	85%
Adoption	49.2%	78%

Sources: FCC Broadband Data Collection, Ookla Open Data Initiative, and U.S. Census Bureau ACS 5-Year Estimates. National benchmarks are carried over from the report comparison section.

Figure 2. Speed Trends (2019–2024)

Figure 3. Availability (2015–2025)

Figure 4. Adoption (2017–2024)

Figure 5. Current Status (2024)

Figure 6. Comparison with National Averages

Figure 7. Fixed Coverage by Technology (25/3 Mbps)

Figure 8. Mobile Area Coverage

Notes: speed trends reflect quarterly mean throughput. Availability shows the share of population with access. Tooltips on the charts expose the underlying values for each series.

Table 8. Broadband Provider Summary

Metric	Value
Fixed broadband providers	19
Mobile broadband providers	4
Broadband serviceable locations	4,293

Table 9. Broadband Providers

Fixed	Mobile
AT&T Inc.	AT&T Inc.
Lumen Technologies, Inc.	T-Mobile USA, Inc.
Comcast Corporation	Verizon Communications Inc.
Cox Communications, Inc.	Dish Network Corporation
T-Mobile USA, Inc.	—
EchoStar Corporation	—
PCC Holdings, Inc.	—
Ponderosa Communications, Inc.	—
Simply Bits, LLC	—
Tohono O'Odham Utility Authority	—
Verizon Communications Inc.	—
Viasat, Inc.	—
Bluespan Wireless, LLC	—
TREPIC Networks LLC	—
CopperNet Systems, Inc.	—
FIF AireBeam, LLC	—
Space Exploration Technologies Corp.	—
Free Range Internet, LLC	—
Wi-Fiber, Inc.	—

Table 10. Fixed Coverage by Technology (% of locations)

Technology	25/3	100/20	250/25	1 Gbps
Any Technology	100.0%	99.7%	99.7%	0.7%
Fiber	64.0%	64.0%	64.0%	0.6%
Cable	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%
Fixed Wireless	34.1%	34.0%	13.8%	0.0%
Copper (DSL)	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Satellite	100.0%	99.7%	99.7%	0.0%

Table 11. Mobile Coverage (% of area)

Technology	Coverage
4G LTE	80.6%
5G-NR (Speed Tier 1)	6.5%
5G-NR (Speed Tier 2)	5.4%
Total area (sq mi)	9,881.874

Table 8. Coverage by Tier and Technology (% of locations)

Dec. 2022

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	47.1	29.6	29.6	28.3	14.6	14.6
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	88.1	0.0	0.0
All Wired	86.8	85.8	53.5	53.5	1.3	0.0
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	99.4	97.7	78.6	72.4	7.3	0.0
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	91.1	14.6	14.6
Any Terrestrial	99.6	99.6	80.5	80.5	14.6	14.6
Cable	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.0
Cable/Fiber	53.5	53.5	53.5	53.5	1.3	0.0
Copper	36.7	35.7	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	52.5	52.5	52.5	52.5	0.3	0.0
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	46.5	26.4	26.4	19.3	6.4	0.0
NGSO Satellite	92.2	92.2	92.2	88.1	0.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	30.2	29.6	29.6	28.3	14.6	14.6

June 2023

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	20.3	19.4	19.4	18.1	7.5	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	91.1	0.0	0.0
All Wired	84.2	82.8	64.1	64.1	1.5	0.1
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	98.1	97.2	78.9	71.4	8.6	0.1
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	91.2	8.6	0.1
Any Terrestrial	99.6	99.4	81.1	79.9	8.6	0.1
Cable	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0
Cable/Fiber	64.1	64.1	64.1	64.1	1.5	0.1
Copper	27.7	26.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	64.0	64.0	64.0	64.0	1.4	0.0
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	15.9	15.3	15.3	7.7	7.5	0.0
NGSO Satellite	91.1	91.1	91.1	91.1	0.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	20.3	19.2	19.2	16.2	0.0	0.0

Dec. 2023

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	41.4	41.1	41.1	39.6	17.8	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	99.7	0.0	0.0
All Wired	65.9	63.8	59.2	59.2	1.9	0.7
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	97.2	96.8	93.1	77.3	18.6	0.7
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	99.7	18.6	0.7
Any Terrestrial	99.5	99.3	95.6	94.3	18.6	0.7
Cable	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7
Cable/Fiber	59.2	59.2	59.2	59.2	1.9	0.7
Copper	7.6	5.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	58.5	58.5	58.5	58.5	1.2	0.1
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	36.1	36.1	36.1	19.2	17.8	0.0
NGSO Satellite	99.7	99.7	99.7	99.7	0.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	41.1	40.8	40.8	39.5	0.0	0.0

June 2024

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	43.8	43.7	43.7	42.8	39.3	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	99.7	0.0	0.0
All Wired	63.7	61.3	57.7	57.7	2.1	0.7
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	98.5	98.5	96.0	96.0	39.3	0.7
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	99.8	39.3	0.7
Any Terrestrial	99.6	99.5	97.0	96.2	39.3	0.7
Cable	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	0.6
Cable/Fiber	57.7	57.7	57.7	57.7	2.1	0.7
Copper	7.7	5.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	56.7	56.7	56.7	56.7	1.1	0.1
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	40.4	40.4	40.4	40.4	39.3	0.0
NGSO Satellite	99.7	99.7	99.7	99.7	0.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	43.8	43.0	43.0	40.1	0.0	0.0

Dec. 2024

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	43.9	43.2	43.2	23.8	18.5	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
All Wired	62.9	60.3	57.6	57.6	1.2	1.1
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	78.0	77.2	75.4	75.2	18.3	1.1
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	18.7	1.1
Any Terrestrial	99.6	99.0	97.3	78.2	18.7	1.1
Cable	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cable/Fiber	57.6	57.6	57.6	57.6	1.2	1.1
Copper	8.1	5.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	57.5	57.5	57.5	57.5	1.0	0.9
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	21.1	21.0	21.0	20.8	18.1	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	43.8	41.4	41.4	3.4	0.6	0.0

June 2025

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	35.6	34.1	34.1	34.0	13.8	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	99.7	99.7	0.0
All Wired	68.5	66.0	64.1	64.1	64.1	0.7
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	79.7	78.2	76.8	76.0	74.9	0.7
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	99.7	99.7	0.7
Any Terrestrial	99.4	98.0	97.2	97.1	77.2	0.7
Cable	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cable/Fiber	64.1	64.1	64.1	64.1	64.1	0.7
Copper	6.5	4.0	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	64.0	64.0	64.0	64.0	64.0	0.6
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	14.5	13.6	13.6	12.6	11.3	0.0
NGSO Satellite	99.7	99.7	99.7	99.7	99.7	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	35.5	33.2	33.2	31.8	2.6	0.0

FCC Broadband Data Collection (BDC), June 2025 filing vintage. Coverage values show the share of residential broadband serviceable locations by technology and speed tier across D22, J23, D23, J24, D24, and J25 filings.

Source: FCC Broadband Data Collection (BDC), June 2025 Filing (J25). Fixed coverage shows the share of residential broadband serviceable locations, and mobile coverage shows the share of tribal land area.