California / AIANNHCE 2715 / Federally-recognized area

Pauma and Yuima

The full tribal profile includes the report map, demographic tables, broadband tables, FCC provider sections, and interactive charts.

4.5%25/3 availability

2.7%100/20 availability

0.0%1000/100 availability

8Fixed providers

Figure 1. Location of Pauma and Yuima within California, with boundary detail (inset).

About the Tribal Area

Spans about 9.4 square miles in California, Pauma and Yuima Reservation serves as the core reservation for this federally recognized tribe. FCC BDC records show 8 fixed providers and 4 mobile providers across roughly 166 service locations, with current availability of 4.5% at 25/3 Mbps, and 2.7% at 100/20.

Tribal Area Description

Located in California, Pauma and Yuima is a federally recognized tribe with tribal lands. The land base is relevant for broadband planning due to rural service coverage and middle-mile access constraints.

Website Summary: www.paumatribe.com

The Pauma Tribe Community page for Pauma and Yuima functions as a community information page rather than a long-form tribal history. It emphasizes local contacts, community resources, and links to regional programs and services. The available content is oriented toward practical resources rather than a dedicated narrative profile for the tribe.

Table 1. Demographics

Indicator	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Population	231	182	156	150	132	109
Households	66	55	51	45	41	35
Median age	27.4	30.0	33.6	33.3	35.4	37.5
Male / Female	47.6% / 52.4%	44.0% / 56.0%	45.5% / 54.5%	44.0% / 56.0%	48.5% / 51.5%	47.7% / 52.3%
Avg. household size	3.50	3.31	3.06	3.33	3.22	3.11
Pop. density (per sq mi)	24.5	19.3	16.6	15.9	14.0	11.6
HH density (per sq mi)	7.0	5.8	5.4	4.8	4.3	3.7

Table 2. Economic & Education

Indicator	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Median household income	$91,250	$89,688	$92,188	$108,125	$103,750	$93,750
Per capita income	$31,029	$32,226	$32,790	$38,499	$37,019	$44,850
Poverty rate	9.1%	12.6%	21.2%	14.7%	15.9%	11.0%
Unemployment rate	10.4%	17.1%	12.1%	6.7%	12.5%	6.7%
HS diploma or higher	42.2%	43.4%	50.0%	50.6%	54.7%	53.4%
Bachelor's degree or higher	3.1%	4.7%	5.2%	5.6%	5.8%	8.2%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-Year Estimates. Queried by AIANNHCE code. Population and household density are calculated from Census population or households divided by land area in square miles.

Table 3. Download/Upload Speeds (Mbps)

Period	Download	Upload
2019Q1	48.4 Mbps	36.5 Mbps
2019Q2	44.0 Mbps	29.2 Mbps
2019Q3	38.3 Mbps	34.4 Mbps
2019Q4	36.9 Mbps	35.8 Mbps
2020Q1	34.1 Mbps	34.2 Mbps
2020Q2	74.3 Mbps	67.6 Mbps
2020Q3	68.5 Mbps	62.4 Mbps
2020Q4	67.8 Mbps	63.9 Mbps
2021Q1	37.9 Mbps	18.2 Mbps
2021Q2	65.7 Mbps	47.8 Mbps
2021Q3	29.8 Mbps	21.8 Mbps
2021Q4	66.6 Mbps	39.6 Mbps
2022Q1	33.8 Mbps	22.6 Mbps
2022Q2	61.4 Mbps	54.4 Mbps
2022Q3	46.9 Mbps	37.4 Mbps
2022Q4	42.9 Mbps	33.6 Mbps
2023Q1	35.4 Mbps	23.1 Mbps
2023Q2	58.2 Mbps	36.5 Mbps
2023Q3	50.1 Mbps	28.4 Mbps
2023Q4	50.2 Mbps	34.9 Mbps
2024Q1	61.8 Mbps	12.3 Mbps
2024Q2	55.4 Mbps	41.6 Mbps
2024Q3	71.0 Mbps	67.9 Mbps

Table 4. Coverage by Tier (%)

Year	25/3	100/20	1 Gbps
2015	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
2016	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
2017	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
2018	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
2019	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
2020	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
2021	100.0%	100.0%	0.0%
2022	42.7%	0.0%	0.0%
2023	3.6%	0.0%	0.0%
2024	4.5%	2.7%	0.0%

Table 5. Adoption (%)

Year	All households	Low-income households
2017	19.0%	50.0%
2018	41.8%	50.0%
2019	59.1%	42.9%
2020	65.5%	33.3%
2021	84.3%	50.0%
2022	84.4%	0.0%
2023	80.5%	0.0%
2024	80.0%	50.0%

Table 6. Current Status (2024, %)

Tier	Coverage
25/3 Mbps	4.5%
100/20 Mbps	2.7%
1 Gbps	0.0%

Table 7. Comparison with National Averages (%)

Metric	Tribal	National
25/3 Mbps	4.5%	92%
100/20 Mbps	2.7%	85%
Adoption	80.0%	78%

Sources: FCC Broadband Data Collection, Ookla Open Data Initiative, and U.S. Census Bureau ACS 5-Year Estimates. National benchmarks are carried over from the report comparison section.

Figure 2. Speed Trends (2019–2024)

Figure 3. Availability (2015–2025)

Figure 4. Adoption (2017–2024)

Figure 5. Current Status (2024)

Figure 6. Comparison with National Averages

Figure 7. Fixed Coverage by Technology (25/3 Mbps)

Figure 8. Mobile Area Coverage

Notes: speed trends reflect quarterly mean throughput. Availability shows the share of population with access. Tooltips on the charts expose the underlying values for each series.

Table 8. Broadband Provider Summary

Metric	Value
Fixed broadband providers	8
Mobile broadband providers	4
Broadband serviceable locations	166

Table 9. Broadband Providers

Fixed	Mobile
AT&T Inc.	AT&T Inc.
T-Mobile USA, Inc.	T-Mobile USA, Inc.
EchoStar Corporation	Verizon Communications Inc.
Verizon Communications Inc.	Dish Network Corporation
San Diego Broadband	—
Viasat, Inc.	—
Valley Center Wireless	—
Space Exploration Technologies Corp.	—

Table 10. Fixed Coverage by Technology (% of locations)

Technology	25/3	100/20	250/25	1 Gbps
Any Technology	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	0.0%
Fiber	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Cable	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Fixed Wireless	98.2%	98.2%	97.0%	0.0%
Copper (DSL)	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Satellite	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	0.0%

Table 11. Mobile Coverage (% of area)

Technology	Coverage
4G LTE	89.7%
5G-NR (Speed Tier 1)	83.3%
5G-NR (Speed Tier 2)	67.5%
Total area (sq mi)	21.382

Table 8. Coverage by Tier and Technology (% of locations)

Dec. 2022

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25
All Fixed Wireless	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
All Wired	1.8	0.9	0.0	0.0	0.0
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	99.1	45.6	42.4	0.0	0.0
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Any Terrestrial	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Cable	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cable/Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Copper	1.8	0.9	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	99.1	45.6	42.4	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

June 2023

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20
All Fixed Wireless	11.4	11.4	1.9	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
All Wired	2.9	0.9	0.0	0.0
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	5.7	5.7	1.9	0.0
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Any Terrestrial	11.4	11.4	1.9	0.0
Cable	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cable/Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Copper	2.9	0.9	0.0	0.0
Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	5.7	5.7	1.9	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	5.7	5.7	0.0	0.0

Dec. 2023

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25
All Fixed Wireless	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
All Wired	26.7	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	28.5	1.8	1.8	0.0	0.0
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Any Terrestrial	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Cable	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cable/Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Copper	26.7	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	2.4	1.8	1.8	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

June 2024

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25
All Fixed Wireless	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
All Wired	27.9	1.2	0.0	0.0	0.0
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	30.3	3.0	3.0	0.0	0.0
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Any Terrestrial	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Cable	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cable/Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Copper	27.9	1.2	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	4.2	3.0	3.0	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

Dec. 2024

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25
All Fixed Wireless	100.0	100.0	99.4	98.2	98.2
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
All Wired	27.9	1.2	0.0	0.0	0.0
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	29.7	3.0	3.0	1.8	0.0
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	98.2
Any Terrestrial	100.0	100.0	99.4	98.2	98.2
Cable	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cable/Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Copper	27.9	1.2	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	3.6	3.0	3.0	1.8	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	98.8	98.8	98.2	98.2	98.2

June 2025

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25
All Fixed Wireless	100.0	98.8	98.2	98.2	97.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
All Wired	28.3	1.2	0.0	0.0	0.0
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	31.9	6.0	4.8	4.8	0.0
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Any Terrestrial	100.0	100.0	98.2	98.2	97.0
Cable	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cable/Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Copper	28.3	1.2	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	6.0	4.8	4.8	4.8	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	97.6	97.6	97.0	97.0	97.0

FCC Broadband Data Collection (BDC), June 2025 filing vintage. Coverage values show the share of residential broadband serviceable locations by technology and speed tier across D22, J23, D23, J24, D24, and J25 filings.

Source: FCC Broadband Data Collection (BDC), June 2025 Filing (J25). Fixed coverage shows the share of residential broadband serviceable locations, and mobile coverage shows the share of tribal land area.