California / AIANNHCE 4760 / Federally-recognized area

Yurok

The full tribal profile includes the report map, demographic tables, broadband tables, FCC provider sections, and interactive charts.

16.1%25/3 availability

0.2%100/20 availability

0.0%1000/100 availability

9Fixed providers

Figure 1. Location of Yurok within California, with boundary detail (inset).

About the Tribal Area

Yurok Reservation is a reservation in California associated with this federally recognized tribe, and it spans about 84 square miles of land plus roughly 3.3 square miles of water. The latest FCC BDC filing shows 9 fixed providers and 4 mobile providers across roughly 627 service locations, with current availability of 16.1% at 25/3 Mbps, and 0.2% at 100/20.

Tribal Area Description

Yurok is a federally recognized tribe in California with tribal lands. The land base is relevant for broadband planning due to rural service coverage and middle-mile access constraints.

Website Summary: www.yuroktribe.org

The Yurok Tribe is currently the largest Tribe in California, with more than 5,000 enrolled members. The Tribe’s major initiatives include: the Hoopa-Yurok Settlement Act, dam removal, natural resources protection, sustainable economic development enterprises and land acquisition. The Tribe provides numerous services to the local community and membership with its more than 200 employees. The traditional money used by Yurok people is terk-term (dentalia shell), which is a shell harvested from the ocean. The dentalia used on necklaces are most often used in traditional ceremonies, such as the u pyue-wes (White Deerskin Dance), woo-neek-we-ley-goo (Jump Dance) and mey-lee (Brush Dance). It was standard years ago, to use dentalia to settle debts, pay dowry, and purchase large or small items needed by individuals or families.

Table 1. Demographics

Indicator	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Population	836	798	794	763	715	612
Households	352	335	300	310	308	286
Median age	46.9	48.6	42.9	45.6	49.4	53.5
Male / Female	45.9% / 54.1%	48.1% / 51.9%	44.2% / 55.8%	44.3% / 55.7%	46.2% / 53.8%	48.0% / 52.0%
Avg. household size	2.38	2.38	2.65	2.46	2.32	2.14
Pop. density (per sq mi)	9.9	9.5	9.4	9.1	8.5	7.3
HH density (per sq mi)	4.2	4.0	3.6	3.7	3.7	3.4

Table 2. Economic & Education

Indicator	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Median household income	$32,727	$33,984	$40,833	$44,000	$45,208	$45,000
Per capita income	$20,909	$20,986	$20,847	$25,137	$25,054	$27,262
Poverty rate	33.9%	31.1%	33.2%	29.5%	32.0%	33.0%
Unemployment rate	16.9%	15.3%	15.9%	15.8%	11.2%	13.1%
HS diploma or higher	52.9%	52.0%	56.7%	55.6%	55.7%	60.4%
Bachelor's degree or higher	18.4%	15.4%	17.0%	15.8%	20.2%	18.0%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-Year Estimates. Queried by AIANNHCE code. Population and household density are calculated from Census population or households divided by land area in square miles.

Table 3. Download/Upload Speeds (Mbps)

Period	Download	Upload
2019Q1	4.2 Mbps	2.2 Mbps
2019Q2	3.0 Mbps	2.4 Mbps
2019Q3	3.4 Mbps	2.4 Mbps
2019Q4	6.4 Mbps	2.8 Mbps
2020Q1	7.6 Mbps	2.6 Mbps
2020Q2	10.7 Mbps	1.4 Mbps
2020Q3	10.8 Mbps	1.5 Mbps
2020Q4	10.0 Mbps	2.4 Mbps
2021Q1	10.8 Mbps	2.6 Mbps
2021Q2	9.2 Mbps	2.4 Mbps
2021Q3	8.9 Mbps	2.7 Mbps
2021Q4	10.9 Mbps	2.5 Mbps
2022Q1	15.5 Mbps	7.1 Mbps
2022Q2	36.2 Mbps	6.0 Mbps
2022Q3	43.8 Mbps	5.6 Mbps
2022Q4	50.1 Mbps	8.6 Mbps
2023Q1	64.0 Mbps	7.6 Mbps
2023Q2	46.7 Mbps	6.2 Mbps
2023Q3	46.6 Mbps	5.5 Mbps
2023Q4	51.8 Mbps	9.2 Mbps
2024Q1	78.7 Mbps	15.3 Mbps
2024Q2	75.7 Mbps	12.1 Mbps
2024Q3	66.0 Mbps	10.9 Mbps

Table 4. Coverage by Tier (%)

Year	25/3	100/20	1 Gbps
2015	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
2016	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
2017	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
2018	27.0%	0.0%	0.0%
2019	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
2020	7.3%	0.0%	0.0%
2021	38.1%	4.1%	4.1%
2022	0.6%	0.6%	0.0%
2023	3.0%	0.2%	0.0%
2024	16.1%	0.2%	0.0%

Table 5. Adoption (%)

Year	All households	Low-income households
2017	8.2%	34.8%
2018	11.7%	28.9%
2019	14.2%	33.9%
2020	22.7%	32.1%
2021	32.0%	40.0%
2022	39.0%	52.5%
2023	47.1%	71.2%
2024	42.7%	79.3%

Table 6. Current Status (2024, %)

Tier	Coverage
25/3 Mbps	16.1%
100/20 Mbps	0.2%
1 Gbps	0.0%

Table 7. Comparison with National Averages (%)

Metric	Tribal	National
25/3 Mbps	16.1%	92%
100/20 Mbps	0.2%	85%
Adoption	42.7%	78%

Sources: FCC Broadband Data Collection, Ookla Open Data Initiative, and U.S. Census Bureau ACS 5-Year Estimates. National benchmarks are carried over from the report comparison section.

Figure 2. Speed Trends (2019–2024)

Figure 3. Availability (2015–2025)

Figure 4. Adoption (2017–2024)

Figure 5. Current Status (2024)

Figure 6. Comparison with National Averages

Figure 7. Fixed Coverage by Technology (25/3 Mbps)

Figure 8. Mobile Area Coverage

Notes: speed trends reflect quarterly mean throughput. Availability shows the share of population with access. Tooltips on the charts expose the underlying values for each series.

Table 8. Broadband Provider Summary

Metric	Value
Fixed broadband providers	9
Mobile broadband providers	4
Broadband serviceable locations	627

Table 9. Broadband Providers

Fixed	Mobile
Frontier Communications Corporation	AT&T Inc.
T-Mobile USA, Inc.	T-Mobile USA, Inc.
EchoStar Corporation	Telephone and Data Systems, Inc.
Telephone and Data Systems, Inc.	Verizon Communications Inc.
U.S. TelePacific Holdings Corp.	—
Verizon Communications Inc.	—
Viasat, Inc.	—
California Internet	—
Space Exploration Technologies Corp.	—

Table 10. Fixed Coverage by Technology (% of locations)

Technology	25/3	100/20	250/25	1 Gbps
Any Technology	100.0%	10.0%	10.0%	0.0%
Fiber	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Cable	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Fixed Wireless	0.2%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Copper (DSL)	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Satellite	100.0%	10.0%	10.0%	0.0%

Table 11. Mobile Coverage (% of area)

Technology	Coverage
4G LTE	19.8%
5G-NR (Speed Tier 1)	0.6%
5G-NR (Speed Tier 2)	0.3%
Total area (sq mi)	231.31

Table 8. Coverage by Tier and Technology (% of locations)

Dec. 2022

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20
All Fixed Wireless	1.9	1.9	1.1	1.1
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
All Wired	33.8	33.8	0.0	0.0
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	35.7	35.7	1.1	1.1
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	1.1
Any Terrestrial	35.7	35.7	1.1	1.1
Cable	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cable/Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Copper	33.8	33.8	0.0	0.0
Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	1.9	1.9	1.1	1.1
NGSO Satellite	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0

June 2023

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20
All Fixed Wireless	6.6	6.6	0.6	0.5
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	6.7
All Wired	33.5	33.5	3.4	0.0
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	38.3	38.3	4.1	0.5
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	7.3
Any Terrestrial	38.3	38.3	4.1	0.5
Cable	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cable/Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Copper	33.5	33.5	3.4	0.0
Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	6.6	6.6	0.6	0.5
NGSO Satellite	6.7	6.7	6.7	6.7
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0

Dec. 2023

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25
All Fixed Wireless	3.3	3.1	0.2	0.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	13.1	0.0
All Wired	40.8	40.8	0.2	0.2	0.2
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	43.3	43.3	0.3	0.2	0.2
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	13.1	0.2
Any Terrestrial	43.3	43.3	0.3	0.2	0.2
Cable	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cable/Fiber	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Copper	40.8	40.6	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	3.3	3.1	0.2	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	13.1	13.1	13.1	13.1	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0

June 2024

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20
All Fixed Wireless	3.8	3.6	0.2	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	15.7
All Wired	39.0	39.0	0.0	0.0
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	41.8	41.8	0.2	0.0
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	15.7
Any Terrestrial	41.8	41.8	0.2	0.0
Cable	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cable/Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Copper	39.0	39.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	3.8	3.6	0.2	0.0
NGSO Satellite	15.7	15.7	15.7	15.7
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0

Dec. 2024

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20
All Fixed Wireless	4.1	4.0	0.3	0.2
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	10.1
All Wired	39.0	39.0	0.0	0.0
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	42.2	42.2	0.3	0.2
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	10.3
Any Terrestrial	42.2	42.2	0.3	0.2
Cable	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cable/Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Copper	39.0	39.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	4.1	4.0	0.3	0.2
NGSO Satellite	10.1	10.1	10.1	10.1
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0

June 2025

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25
All Fixed Wireless	3.8	3.8	0.2	0.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	10.1	10.1
All Wired	39.4	39.4	0.0	0.0	0.0
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	42.3	42.3	0.2	0.0	0.0
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	10.1	10.1
Any Terrestrial	42.3	42.3	0.2	0.0	0.0
Cable	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cable/Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Copper	39.4	39.4	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	3.8	3.8	0.2	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	10.1	10.1	10.1	10.1	10.1
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0

FCC Broadband Data Collection (BDC), June 2025 filing vintage. Coverage values show the share of residential broadband serviceable locations by technology and speed tier across D22, J23, D23, J24, D24, and J25 filings.

Source: FCC Broadband Data Collection (BDC), June 2025 Filing (J25). Fixed coverage shows the share of residential broadband serviceable locations, and mobile coverage shows the share of tribal land area.