Hawaii / AIANNHCE 5043 / Native Hawaiian area
Kakaina-Kumuhau
The full tribal profile includes the report map, demographic tables, broadband tables, FCC provider sections, and interactive charts.
100.0%25/3 availability
100.0%100/20 availability
0.0%1000/100 availability
8Fixed providers
Figure 1. Location of Kakaina-Kumuhau within Hawaii, with boundary detail (inset).
About the Tribal Area
In Hawaii, this native hawaiian homeland community uses Kakaina-Kumuhau as its main tribal area, and it . FCC BDC records show 8 fixed providers and 3 mobile providers serving roughly 80 service locations, with current availability of 100.0% at 25/3 Mbps, 100.0% at 100/20, and 64.2% at 1000/100.
Tribal Area Description
A Hawaiian entity in Hawaii, Kakaina-Kumuhau is organized around Hawaiian home lands. The land base is relevant for broadband planning due to rural service coverage and middle-mile access constraints.
Website Summary: No website
No website
Table 1. Demographics
| Indicator | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 159 | 186 | 227 | 287 | 229 | 280 |
| Households | 48 | 54 | 88 | 112 | 92 | 102 |
| Median age | 38.3 | 37.6 | 38.1 | 38.6 | 40.3 | 45.3 |
| Male / Female | 52.8% / 47.2% | 45.2% / 54.8% | 36.1% / 63.9% | 38.0% / 62.0% | 38.9% / 61.1% | 39.3% / 60.7% |
| Avg. household size | 3.31 | 3.44 | 2.58 | 2.56 | 2.49 | 2.75 |
| Pop. density (per sq mi) | 4897.2 | 5728.8 | 6991.6 | 8839.6 | 7053.2 | 8624.0 |
| HH density (per sq mi) | 1478.4 | 1663.2 | 2710.4 | 3449.6 | 2833.6 | 3141.6 |
Table 2. Economic & Education
| Indicator | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median household income | $79,107 | $78,816 | — | $65,833 | — | — |
| Per capita income | $43,097 | $35,954 | $34,347 | $40,129 | $34,579 | $32,446 |
| Poverty rate | 0.0% | 9.7% | 7.5% | 6.6% | 16.2% | 17.1% |
| Unemployment rate | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.9% | 1.5% |
| HS diploma or higher | 55.6% | 57.5% | 60.8% | 67.2% | 79.6% | 79.3% |
| Bachelor's degree or higher | 27.3% | 23.6% | 20.0% | 20.3% | 20.4% | 12.2% |
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-Year Estimates. Queried by AIANNHCE code. Population and household density are calculated from Census population or households divided by land area in square miles.
Table 3. Download/Upload Speeds (Mbps)
| Period | Download | Upload |
|---|---|---|
| 2019Q1 | 170.4 Mbps | 24.2 Mbps |
| 2019Q2 | 110.8 Mbps | 26.6 Mbps |
| 2019Q3 | 218.9 Mbps | 32.5 Mbps |
| 2019Q4 | 251.8 Mbps | 16.5 Mbps |
| 2020Q1 | 124.5 Mbps | 26.8 Mbps |
| 2020Q2 | 145.8 Mbps | 38.9 Mbps |
| 2020Q3 | 176.5 Mbps | 35.6 Mbps |
| 2020Q4 | 270.9 Mbps | 96.7 Mbps |
| 2021Q1 | 200.3 Mbps | 72.0 Mbps |
| 2021Q2 | 204.8 Mbps | 67.0 Mbps |
| 2021Q3 | 219.3 Mbps | 53.7 Mbps |
| 2021Q4 | 194.2 Mbps | 73.6 Mbps |
| 2022Q1 | 200.3 Mbps | 65.3 Mbps |
| 2022Q2 | 155.9 Mbps | 34.1 Mbps |
| 2022Q3 | 354.5 Mbps | 135.2 Mbps |
| 2022Q4 | 303.7 Mbps | 125.3 Mbps |
| 2023Q1 | 181.7 Mbps | 41.3 Mbps |
| 2023Q2 | 276.0 Mbps | 102.5 Mbps |
| 2023Q3 | 299.1 Mbps | 130.3 Mbps |
| 2023Q4 | 209.5 Mbps | 76.9 Mbps |
| 2024Q1 | 278.3 Mbps | 72.4 Mbps |
| 2024Q2 | 348.3 Mbps | 89.8 Mbps |
| 2024Q3 | 344.8 Mbps | 83.1 Mbps |
Table 4. Coverage by Tier (%)
| Year | 25/3 | 100/20 | 1 Gbps |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2015 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| 2016 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| 2017 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| 2018 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| 2019 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| 2020 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| 2021 | 100.0% | 100.0% | 0.0% |
| 2022 | 100.0% | 100.0% | 67.6% |
| 2023 | 100.0% | 100.0% | 0.0% |
| 2024 | 100.0% | 100.0% | 0.0% |
Table 5. Adoption (%)
| Year | All households | Low-income households |
|---|---|---|
| 2017 | 20.3% | 0.0% |
| 2018 | 75.5% | 0.0% |
| 2019 | 70.8% | 0.0% |
| 2020 | 68.5% | 100.0% |
| 2021 | 45.5% | 100.0% |
| 2022 | 54.5% | 100.0% |
| 2023 | 41.3% | 100.0% |
| 2024 | 50.0% | 100.0% |
Table 6. Current Status (2024, %)
| Tier | Coverage |
|---|---|
| 25/3 Mbps | 100.0% |
| 100/20 Mbps | 100.0% |
| 1 Gbps | 0.0% |
Table 7. Comparison with National Averages (%)
| Metric | Tribal | National |
|---|---|---|
| 25/3 Mbps | 100.0% | 92% |
| 100/20 Mbps | 100.0% | 85% |
| Adoption | 50.0% | 78% |
Sources: FCC Broadband Data Collection, Ookla Open Data Initiative, and U.S. Census Bureau ACS 5-Year Estimates. National benchmarks are carried over from the report comparison section.
Figure 2. Speed Trends (2019–2024)
Figure 3. Availability (2015–2025)
Figure 4. Adoption (2017–2024)
Figure 5. Current Status (2024)
Figure 6. Comparison with National Averages
Figure 7. Fixed Coverage by Technology (25/3 Mbps)
Figure 8. Mobile Area Coverage
Notes: speed trends reflect quarterly mean throughput. Availability shows the share of population with access. Tooltips on the charts expose the underlying values for each series.
Table 8. Broadband Provider Summary
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Fixed broadband providers | 8 |
| Mobile broadband providers | 3 |
| Broadband serviceable locations | 80 |
Table 9. Broadband Providers
| Fixed | Mobile |
|---|---|
| AT&T Inc. | AT&T Inc. |
| Charter Communications | T-Mobile USA, Inc. |
| Cincinnati Bell Inc. | Verizon Communications Inc. |
| T-Mobile USA, Inc. | — |
| Waimana Enterprises, Inc. | — |
| Verizon Communications Inc. | — |
| Viasat, Inc. | — |
| Space Exploration Technologies Corp. | — |
Table 10. Fixed Coverage by Technology (% of locations)
| Technology | 25/3 | 100/20 | 250/25 | 1 Gbps |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any Technology | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 65.0% |
| Fiber | 65.0% | 65.0% | 65.0% | 65.0% |
| Cable | 98.8% | 98.8% | 98.8% | 0.0% |
| Fixed Wireless | 75.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Copper (DSL) | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Satellite | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 0.0% |
Table 11. Mobile Coverage (% of area)
| Technology | Coverage |
|---|---|
| 4G LTE | 100.0% |
| 5G-NR (Speed Tier 1) | 100.0% |
| 5G-NR (Speed Tier 2) | 100.0% |
| Total area (sq mi) | 0.105 |
Table 8. Coverage by Tier and Technology (% of locations)
Dec. 2022
| Technology | 2/2 | 10/1 | 25/3 | 100/20 | 250/25 | 1000/100 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Fixed Wireless | 98.7 | 98.7 | 98.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All Satellite | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All Wired | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 68.8 |
| All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 68.8 |
| Any Technology | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 68.8 |
| Any Terrestrial | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 68.8 |
| Cable | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 |
| Cable/Fiber | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 68.8 |
| Copper | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Fiber | 68.8 | 68.8 | 68.8 | 68.8 | 68.8 | 68.8 |
| GSO Satellite | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Licensed Fixed Wireless | 98.7 | 98.7 | 98.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| NGSO Satellite | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Other | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Unlicensed Fixed Wireless | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
June 2023
| Technology | 2/2 | 10/1 | 25/3 | 100/20 | 250/25 | 1000/100 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Fixed Wireless | 93.2 | 23.0 | 23.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All Satellite | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All Wired | 98.7 | 98.7 | 98.7 | 98.7 | 98.7 | 0.0 |
| All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless | 98.7 | 98.7 | 98.7 | 98.7 | 98.7 | 0.0 |
| Any Technology | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 98.7 | 0.0 |
| Any Terrestrial | 98.7 | 98.7 | 98.7 | 98.7 | 98.7 | 0.0 |
| Cable | 98.7 | 98.7 | 98.7 | 98.7 | 98.7 | 0.0 |
| Cable/Fiber | 98.7 | 98.7 | 98.7 | 98.7 | 98.7 | 0.0 |
| Copper | 1.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Fiber | 74.3 | 74.3 | 74.3 | 74.3 | 74.3 | 0.0 |
| GSO Satellite | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Licensed Fixed Wireless | 93.2 | 23.0 | 23.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| NGSO Satellite | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Other | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Unlicensed Fixed Wireless | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Dec. 2023
| Technology | 2/2 | 10/1 | 25/3 | 100/20 | 250/25 | 1000/100 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Fixed Wireless | 86.3 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All Satellite | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All Wired | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 |
| All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 |
| Any Technology | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 |
| Any Terrestrial | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 |
| Cable | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 |
| Cable/Fiber | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 |
| Copper | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Fiber | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 | 0.0 |
| GSO Satellite | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Licensed Fixed Wireless | 86.3 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| NGSO Satellite | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Other | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Unlicensed Fixed Wireless | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
June 2024
| Technology | 2/2 | 10/1 | 25/3 | 100/20 | 250/25 | 1000/100 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Fixed Wireless | 86.3 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All Satellite | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All Wired | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 |
| All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 |
| Any Technology | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 |
| Any Terrestrial | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 |
| Cable | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 |
| Cable/Fiber | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 |
| Copper | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Fiber | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 | 0.0 |
| GSO Satellite | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Licensed Fixed Wireless | 86.3 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| NGSO Satellite | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Other | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Unlicensed Fixed Wireless | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Dec. 2024
| Technology | 2/2 | 10/1 | 25/3 | 100/20 | 250/25 | 1000/100 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Fixed Wireless | 87.7 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All Satellite | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All Wired | 98.8 | 98.8 | 98.8 | 98.8 | 98.8 | 64.2 |
| All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless | 98.8 | 98.8 | 98.8 | 98.8 | 98.8 | 64.2 |
| Any Technology | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 98.8 | 64.2 |
| Any Terrestrial | 98.8 | 98.8 | 98.8 | 98.8 | 98.8 | 64.2 |
| Cable | 98.8 | 98.8 | 98.8 | 98.8 | 98.8 | 0.0 |
| Cable/Fiber | 98.8 | 98.8 | 98.8 | 98.8 | 98.8 | 64.2 |
| Copper | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Fiber | 64.2 | 64.2 | 64.2 | 64.2 | 64.2 | 64.2 |
| GSO Satellite | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Licensed Fixed Wireless | 87.7 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| NGSO Satellite | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Other | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Unlicensed Fixed Wireless | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
June 2025
| Technology | 2/2 | 10/1 | 25/3 | 100/20 | 250/25 | 1000/100 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Fixed Wireless | 87.5 | 75.0 | 75.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All Satellite | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 |
| All Wired | 98.8 | 98.8 | 98.8 | 98.8 | 98.8 | 65.0 |
| All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless | 98.8 | 98.8 | 98.8 | 98.8 | 98.8 | 65.0 |
| Any Technology | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 65.0 |
| Any Terrestrial | 98.8 | 98.8 | 98.8 | 98.8 | 98.8 | 65.0 |
| Cable | 98.8 | 98.8 | 98.8 | 98.8 | 98.8 | 0.0 |
| Cable/Fiber | 98.8 | 98.8 | 98.8 | 98.8 | 98.8 | 65.0 |
| Copper | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Fiber | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 |
| GSO Satellite | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Licensed Fixed Wireless | 87.5 | 75.0 | 75.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| NGSO Satellite | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 |
| Other | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Unlicensed Fixed Wireless | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
FCC Broadband Data Collection (BDC), June 2025 filing vintage. Coverage values show the share of residential broadband serviceable locations by technology and speed tier across D22, J23, D23, J24, D24, and J25 filings.
Source: FCC Broadband Data Collection (BDC), June 2025 Filing (J25). Fixed coverage shows the share of residential broadband serviceable locations, and mobile coverage shows the share of tribal land area.