Minnesota / AIANNHCE 4595 / Federally-recognized area

White Earth

The full tribal profile includes the report map, demographic tables, broadband tables, FCC provider sections, and interactive charts.

89.6%25/3 availability

75.0%100/20 availability

0.0%1000/100 availability

10Fixed providers

Figure 1. Location of White Earth within Minnesota, with boundary detail (inset).

About the Tribal Area

White Earth Reservation in Minnesota is the primary broadband planning geography for this federally recognized tribe, and it spans about 1094 square miles of land plus roughly 69.3 square miles of water. FCC BDC records show 10 fixed providers and 3 mobile providers across roughly 12 service locations, and current service levels of 89.6% at 25/3 Mbps, 75.0% at 100/20, and 60.0% at 1000/100.

Tribal Area Description

Reservation lands in Minnesota are associated with White Earth, a federally recognized tribe. The land base is relevant for broadband planning due to rural service coverage and middle-mile access constraints.

Website Summary: www.whiteearth.com

The White Earth Reservation Business Committee and its programs are committed to preserving traditions while working to address contemporary challenges, including economic development, education, and the preservation of language and culture. The White Earth Reservation, located in northwestern Minnesota, is the largest of the 11 reservations in the state. The reservation encompasses over 1,300 square miles of land and is rich in cultural heritage, natural resources, and a deep connection to the land.

Table 1. Demographics

Indicator	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Population	9,949	10,055	9,991	9,877	9,634	9,456
Households	3,502	3,649	3,543	3,556	3,513	3,515
Median age	35.3	36.5	36.0	36.5	37.5	38.6
Male / Female	51.0% / 49.0%	51.0% / 49.0%	50.7% / 49.3%	50.5% / 49.5%	50.3% / 49.7%	50.7% / 49.3%
Avg. household size	2.82	2.74	2.80	2.76	2.72	2.67
Pop. density (per sq mi)	9.1	9.2	9.1	9.0	8.8	8.7
HH density (per sq mi)	3.2	3.3	3.2	3.3	3.2	3.2

Table 2. Economic & Education

Indicator	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Median household income	$45,377	$45,777	$47,561	$52,754	$54,219	$56,681
Per capita income	$21,516	$21,427	$22,706	$25,475	$26,973	$28,646
Poverty rate	24.4%	23.6%	24.1%	22.7%	22.9%	21.6%
Unemployment rate	8.4%	9.7%	9.2%	9.9%	9.4%	8.9%
HS diploma or higher	64.7%	65.4%	64.0%	64.1%	65.1%	65.8%
Bachelor's degree or higher	14.7%	15.6%	14.5%	15.8%	16.2%	16.5%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-Year Estimates. Queried by AIANNHCE code. Population and household density are calculated from Census population or households divided by land area in square miles.

Table 3. Download/Upload Speeds (Mbps)

Period	Download	Upload
2019Q1	28.4 Mbps	10.4 Mbps
2019Q2	45.7 Mbps	19.2 Mbps
2019Q3	44.1 Mbps	11.4 Mbps
2019Q4	52.3 Mbps	27.9 Mbps
2020Q1	54.3 Mbps	24.2 Mbps
2020Q2	49.8 Mbps	14.5 Mbps
2020Q3	52.8 Mbps	18.9 Mbps
2020Q4	59.2 Mbps	20.0 Mbps
2021Q1	58.8 Mbps	20.7 Mbps
2021Q2	54.1 Mbps	14.8 Mbps
2021Q3	66.2 Mbps	18.3 Mbps
2021Q4	46.6 Mbps	10.6 Mbps
2022Q1	71.9 Mbps	35.2 Mbps
2022Q2	56.1 Mbps	21.1 Mbps
2022Q3	65.7 Mbps	28.4 Mbps
2022Q4	79.2 Mbps	37.1 Mbps
2023Q1	116.5 Mbps	43.8 Mbps
2023Q2	131.5 Mbps	45.4 Mbps
2023Q3	102.1 Mbps	42.9 Mbps
2023Q4	113.9 Mbps	53.4 Mbps
2024Q1	131.1 Mbps	55.0 Mbps
2024Q2	157.6 Mbps	48.4 Mbps
2024Q3	158.1 Mbps	51.7 Mbps

Table 4. Coverage by Tier (%)

Year	25/3	100/20	1 Gbps
2015	83.0%	21.0%	17.3%
2016	83.1%	35.0%	18.4%
2017	84.9%	74.6%	60.0%
2018	94.8%	77.6%	70.0%
2019	96.2%	80.5%	75.5%
2020	98.8%	81.9%	81.9%
2021	98.0%	90.7%	90.7%
2022	81.6%	76.1%	64.9%
2023	88.9%	83.7%	72.8%
2024	89.6%	75.0%	0.0%

Table 5. Adoption (%)

Year	All households	Low-income households
2017	41.3%	37.7%
2018	42.8%	43.2%
2019	45.5%	47.2%
2020	52.3%	57.0%
2021	53.3%	52.4%
2022	56.9%	57.0%
2023	59.1%	61.4%
2024	60.9%	66.3%

Table 6. Current Status (2024, %)

Tier	Coverage
25/3 Mbps	89.6%
100/20 Mbps	75.0%
1 Gbps	0.0%

Table 7. Comparison with National Averages (%)

Metric	Tribal	National
25/3 Mbps	89.6%	92%
100/20 Mbps	75.0%	85%
Adoption	60.9%	78%

Sources: FCC Broadband Data Collection, Ookla Open Data Initiative, and U.S. Census Bureau ACS 5-Year Estimates. National benchmarks are carried over from the report comparison section.

Figure 2. Speed Trends (2019–2024)

Figure 3. Availability (2015–2025)

Figure 4. Adoption (2017–2024)

Figure 5. Current Status (2024)

Figure 6. Comparison with National Averages

Figure 7. Fixed Coverage by Technology (25/3 Mbps)

Figure 8. Mobile Area Coverage

Notes: speed trends reflect quarterly mean throughput. Availability shows the share of population with access. Tooltips on the charts expose the underlying values for each series.

Table 8. Broadband Provider Summary

Metric	Value
Fixed broadband providers	10
Mobile broadband providers	3
Broadband serviceable locations	12

Table 9. Broadband Providers

Fixed	Mobile
Arvig Enterprises, Inc.	AT&T Inc.
AT&T Inc.	T-Mobile USA, Inc.
Lumen Technologies, Inc.	Verizon Communications Inc.
T-Mobile USA, Inc.	—
Garden Valley Telephone Company	—
EchoStar Corporation	—
Paul Bunyan Rural Telephone Cooperative	—
Verizon Communications Inc.	—
Viasat, Inc.	—
Space Exploration Technologies Corp.	—

Table 10. Fixed Coverage by Technology (% of locations)

Technology	25/3	100/20	250/25	1 Gbps
Any Technology	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Fiber	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%
Cable	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Fixed Wireless	66.7%	66.7%	0.0%	0.0%
Copper (DSL)	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Satellite	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	0.0%

Table 11. Mobile Coverage (% of area)

Technology	Coverage
4G LTE	100.0%
5G-NR (Speed Tier 1)	54.3%
5G-NR (Speed Tier 2)	40.2%
Total area (sq mi)	9.691

Table 8. Coverage by Tier and Technology (% of locations)

Dec. 2022

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	58.9	11.5	11.5	8.4	0.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
All Wired	85.7	84.8	81.1	75.8	75.8	65.5
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	92.5	84.9	81.5	75.9	75.8	65.5
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	75.8	65.5
Any Terrestrial	92.5	84.9	81.5	75.9	75.8	65.5
Cable	16.9	16.9	16.9	16.9	16.9	0.0
Cable/Fiber	75.8	75.8	75.8	75.8	75.8	65.5
Copper	39.4	38.0	25.5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	65.5	65.5	65.5	65.5	65.5	65.5
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	58.9	11.5	11.5	8.4	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0

June 2023

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	49.7	10.5	10.5	8.2	0.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
All Wired	88.1	87.0	83.3	78.7	78.7	67.6
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	91.2	87.3	84.2	79.2	78.7	67.6
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	78.7	67.6
Any Terrestrial	91.2	87.3	84.2	79.2	78.7	67.6
Cable	17.1	17.1	17.1	17.1	17.1	0.0
Cable/Fiber	78.7	78.7	78.7	78.7	78.7	67.6
Copper	38.5	37.0	24.9	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	67.6	67.6	67.6	67.6	67.6	67.6
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	49.7	10.5	10.5	8.2	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0

Dec. 2023

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	44.7	14.8	14.8	8.7	0.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
All Wired	92.5	91.7	88.4	83.7	83.7	73.1
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	93.8	92.0	89.3	84.1	83.7	73.1
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	83.7	73.1
Any Terrestrial	93.8	92.0	89.3	84.1	83.7	73.1
Cable	19.6	19.6	19.6	19.6	19.6	0.0
Cable/Fiber	83.7	83.7	83.7	83.7	83.7	73.1
Copper	39.8	38.6	26.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	73.1	73.1	73.1	73.1	73.1	73.1
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	44.7	14.8	14.8	8.7	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0

June 2024

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	35.4	18.1	18.1	4.6	0.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
All Wired	87.7	86.9	80.2	71.7	71.7	59.9
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	91.8	88.9	83.5	73.0	71.7	59.9
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	71.7	59.9
Any Terrestrial	91.8	88.9	83.5	73.0	71.7	59.9
Cable	18.2	18.2	18.2	18.2	18.2	0.0
Cable/Fiber	71.7	71.7	71.7	71.7	71.7	59.9
Copper	42.9	41.6	27.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	59.9	59.9	59.9	59.9	59.9	59.9
GSO Satellite	89.0	89.0	84.9	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	35.4	18.1	18.1	4.6	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0

Dec. 2024

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	22.2	18.0	18.0	3.0	0.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
All Wired	87.4	86.6	80.5	72.6	72.6	59.2
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	89.1	87.9	82.8	74.5	72.6	59.2
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	72.6	59.2
Any Terrestrial	89.1	87.9	82.8	74.5	72.6	59.2
Cable	19.3	19.3	19.3	19.3	19.3	0.0
Cable/Fiber	72.6	72.6	72.6	72.6	72.6	59.2
Copper	45.4	44.1	26.8	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	59.2	59.2	59.2	59.2	59.2	59.2
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	22.2	18.0	18.0	3.0	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0

June 2025

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	25.8	20.5	20.5	16.7	0.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
All Wired	91.4	90.6	85.9	78.1	78.1	67.2
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	92.2	91.3	87.4	80.5	78.1	67.2
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	67.2
Any Terrestrial	92.2	91.3	87.4	80.5	78.1	67.2
Cable	17.5	17.5	17.5	17.5	17.5	0.0
Cable/Fiber	78.1	78.1	78.1	78.1	78.1	67.2
Copper	44.9	43.7	26.4	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	67.2	67.2	67.2	67.2	67.2	67.2
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	25.8	20.5	20.5	16.7	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0

FCC Broadband Data Collection (BDC), June 2025 filing vintage. Coverage values show the share of residential broadband serviceable locations by technology and speed tier across D22, J23, D23, J24, D24, and J25 filings.

Source: FCC Broadband Data Collection (BDC), June 2025 Filing (J25). Fixed coverage shows the share of residential broadband serviceable locations, and mobile coverage shows the share of tribal land area.