New York / AIANNHCE 4225 / Federally-recognized area
Tonawanda
The full tribal profile includes the report map, demographic tables, broadband tables, FCC provider sections, and interactive charts.
84.6%25/3 availability
17.5%100/20 availability
0.0%1000/100 availability
6Fixed providers
Figure 1. Location of Tonawanda within New York, with boundary detail (inset).
About the Tribal Area
Spans about 12 square miles in New York, Tonawanda Reservation serves as the core reservation for this federally recognized tribe. FCC BDC records show 6 fixed providers and 4 mobile providers across roughly 547 service locations, with current availability of 84.6% at 25/3 Mbps, 17.5% at 100/20, and 13.4% at 1000/100.
Tribal Area Description
Located in New York, Tonawanda is a federally recognized tribe with tribal lands. The land base is relevant for broadband planning due to rural service coverage and middle-mile access constraints.
Website Summary: No website
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Table 1. Demographics
| Indicator | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 472 | 374 | 345 | 352 | 328 | 224 |
| Households | 247 | 206 | 197 | 199 | 178 | 136 |
| Median age | 49.8 | 58.6 | 62.1 | 64.1 | 58.7 | 64.9 |
| Male / Female | 63.8% / 36.2% | 58.6% / 41.4% | 54.2% / 45.8% | 49.4% / 50.6% | 41.2% / 58.8% | 50.4% / 49.6% |
| Avg. household size | 1.91 | 1.82 | 1.75 | 1.77 | 1.84 | 1.65 |
| Pop. density (per sq mi) | 40.0 | 31.7 | 29.2 | 29.8 | 27.8 | 19.0 |
| HH density (per sq mi) | 20.9 | 17.5 | 16.7 | 16.9 | 15.1 | 11.5 |
Table 2. Economic & Education
| Indicator | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median household income | $45,703 | $35,833 | $35,729 | $39,904 | $45,000 | $44,545 |
| Per capita income | $27,318 | $25,629 | $23,502 | $26,982 | $26,766 | $34,053 |
| Poverty rate | 13.6% | 20.3% | 23.2% | 21.6% | 24.7% | 24.6% |
| Unemployment rate | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 5.1% |
| HS diploma or higher | 59.4% | 62.9% | 63.4% | 60.7% | 64.2% | 62.0% |
| Bachelor's degree or higher | 9.5% | 12.0% | 10.5% | 9.8% | 15.0% | 9.0% |
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-Year Estimates. Queried by AIANNHCE code. Population and household density are calculated from Census population or households divided by land area in square miles.
Table 3. Download/Upload Speeds (Mbps)
| Period | Download | Upload |
|---|---|---|
| 2019Q1 | 0.0 Mbps | 0.0 Mbps |
| 2019Q2 | 2.5 Mbps | 1.7 Mbps |
| 2019Q3 | 116.7 Mbps | 10.3 Mbps |
| 2019Q4 | 96.7 Mbps | 9.4 Mbps |
| 2020Q1 | 7.8 Mbps | 0.8 Mbps |
| 2020Q2 | 44.3 Mbps | 6.5 Mbps |
| 2020Q3 | 19.1 Mbps | 4.3 Mbps |
| 2020Q4 | 4.6 Mbps | 2.7 Mbps |
| 2021Q1 | 13.0 Mbps | 2.8 Mbps |
| 2021Q2 | 59.6 Mbps | 8.1 Mbps |
| 2021Q3 | 7.4 Mbps | 2.9 Mbps |
| 2021Q4 | 74.6 Mbps | 6.7 Mbps |
| 2022Q1 | 0.0 Mbps | 0.0 Mbps |
| 2022Q2 | 40.5 Mbps | 9.1 Mbps |
| 2022Q3 | 82.6 Mbps | 6.5 Mbps |
| 2022Q4 | 38.0 Mbps | 3.5 Mbps |
| 2023Q1 | 53.7 Mbps | 7.4 Mbps |
| 2023Q2 | 42.0 Mbps | 6.8 Mbps |
| 2023Q3 | 276.2 Mbps | 42.6 Mbps |
| 2023Q4 | 316.9 Mbps | 41.6 Mbps |
| 2024Q1 | 255.5 Mbps | 35.2 Mbps |
| 2024Q2 | 176.6 Mbps | 122.0 Mbps |
| 2024Q3 | 130.2 Mbps | 72.1 Mbps |
Table 4. Coverage by Tier (%)
| Year | 25/3 | 100/20 | 1 Gbps |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2015 | 2.9% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| 2016 | 24.6% | 21.7% | 0.0% |
| 2017 | 2.9% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| 2018 | 8.0% | 8.0% | 0.0% |
| 2019 | 8.0% | 8.0% | 0.0% |
| 2020 | 16.7% | 10.9% | 0.0% |
| 2021 | 35.6% | 19.9% | 0.0% |
| 2022 | 13.1% | 11.4% | 7.3% |
| 2023 | 17.2% | 16.0% | 5.6% |
| 2024 | 84.6% | 17.5% | 0.0% |
Table 5. Adoption (%)
| Year | All households | Low-income households |
|---|---|---|
| 2017 | 24.3% | 61.8% |
| 2018 | 24.3% | 43.4% |
| 2019 | 25.9% | 49.2% |
| 2020 | 27.7% | 48.1% |
| 2021 | 37.1% | 76.1% |
| 2022 | 21.6% | 25.0% |
| 2023 | 25.8% | 38.2% |
| 2024 | 27.2% | 43.5% |
Table 6. Current Status (2024, %)
| Tier | Coverage |
|---|---|
| 25/3 Mbps | 84.6% |
| 100/20 Mbps | 17.5% |
| 1 Gbps | 0.0% |
Table 7. Comparison with National Averages (%)
| Metric | Tribal | National |
|---|---|---|
| 25/3 Mbps | 84.6% | 92% |
| 100/20 Mbps | 17.5% | 85% |
| Adoption | 27.2% | 78% |
Sources: FCC Broadband Data Collection, Ookla Open Data Initiative, and U.S. Census Bureau ACS 5-Year Estimates. National benchmarks are carried over from the report comparison section.
Figure 2. Speed Trends (2019–2024)
Figure 3. Availability (2015–2025)
Figure 4. Adoption (2017–2024)
Figure 5. Current Status (2024)
Figure 6. Comparison with National Averages
Figure 7. Fixed Coverage by Technology (25/3 Mbps)
Figure 8. Mobile Area Coverage
Notes: speed trends reflect quarterly mean throughput. Availability shows the share of population with access. Tooltips on the charts expose the underlying values for each series.
Table 8. Broadband Provider Summary
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Fixed broadband providers | 6 |
| Mobile broadband providers | 4 |
| Broadband serviceable locations | 547 |
Table 9. Broadband Providers
| Fixed | Mobile |
|---|---|
| Charter Communications | AT&T Inc. |
| T-Mobile USA, Inc. | T-Mobile USA, Inc. |
| EchoStar Corporation | Verizon Communications Inc. |
| Verizon Communications Inc. | Dish Network Corporation |
| Viasat, Inc. | — |
| Space Exploration Technologies Corp. | — |
Table 10. Fixed Coverage by Technology (% of locations)
| Technology | 25/3 | 100/20 | 250/25 | 1 Gbps |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any Technology | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 0.4% |
| Fiber | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.4% |
| Cable | 6.9% | 6.9% | 6.9% | 0.0% |
| Fixed Wireless | 1.5% | 1.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Copper (DSL) | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Satellite | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 0.0% |
Table 11. Mobile Coverage (% of area)
| Technology | Coverage |
|---|---|
| 4G LTE | 88.4% |
| 5G-NR (Speed Tier 1) | 81.2% |
| 5G-NR (Speed Tier 2) | 51.4% |
| Total area (sq mi) | 29.072 |
Table 8. Coverage by Tier and Technology (% of locations)
Dec. 2022
| Technology | 2/2 | 10/1 | 25/3 | 100/20 | 250/25 | 1000/100 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Fixed Wireless | 42.0 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All Satellite | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All Wired | 15.7 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0.0 |
| All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless | 51.5 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0.0 |
| Any Technology | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 1.5 | 0.0 |
| Any Terrestrial | 51.5 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0.0 |
| Cable | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0.0 |
| Cable/Fiber | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0.0 |
| Copper | 14.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Fiber | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| GSO Satellite | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Licensed Fixed Wireless | 42.0 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| NGSO Satellite | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Other | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Unlicensed Fixed Wireless | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
June 2023
| Technology | 2/2 | 10/1 | 25/3 | 100/20 | 250/25 | 1000/100 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Fixed Wireless | 23.7 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All Satellite | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All Wired | 14.4 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 0.0 |
| All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless | 34.2 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 4.8 | 3.3 | 0.0 |
| Any Technology | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 3.3 | 0.0 |
| Any Terrestrial | 34.2 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 4.8 | 3.3 | 0.0 |
| Cable | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 0.0 |
| Cable/Fiber | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 0.0 |
| Copper | 11.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Fiber | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| GSO Satellite | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Licensed Fixed Wireless | 23.7 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| NGSO Satellite | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Other | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Unlicensed Fixed Wireless | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Dec. 2023
| Technology | 2/2 | 10/1 | 25/3 | 100/20 | 250/25 | 1000/100 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Fixed Wireless | 55.8 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All Satellite | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All Wired | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 2.8 |
| All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless | 60.5 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 9.7 | 9.0 | 2.8 |
| Any Technology | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 9.0 | 2.8 |
| Any Terrestrial | 60.5 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 9.7 | 9.0 | 2.8 |
| Cable | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 0.0 |
| Cable/Fiber | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 2.8 |
| Copper | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Fiber | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 2.8 |
| GSO Satellite | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Licensed Fixed Wireless | 55.8 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| NGSO Satellite | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Other | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Unlicensed Fixed Wireless | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
June 2024
| Technology | 2/2 | 10/1 | 25/3 | 100/20 | 250/25 | 1000/100 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Fixed Wireless | 7.3 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All Satellite | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All Wired | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 3.6 |
| All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless | 15.6 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 9.4 | 8.3 | 3.6 |
| Any Technology | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 8.3 | 3.6 |
| Any Terrestrial | 15.6 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 9.4 | 8.3 | 3.6 |
| Cable | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 1.3 |
| Cable/Fiber | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 3.6 |
| Copper | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Fiber | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 |
| GSO Satellite | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Licensed Fixed Wireless | 7.3 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| NGSO Satellite | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Other | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Unlicensed Fixed Wireless | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Dec. 2024
| Technology | 2/2 | 10/1 | 25/3 | 100/20 | 250/25 | 1000/100 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Fixed Wireless | 7.8 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All Satellite | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All Wired | 9.6 | 9.6 | 9.6 | 9.6 | 9.6 | 5.2 |
| All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless | 17.3 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 10.7 | 9.6 | 5.2 |
| Any Technology | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 9.6 | 5.2 |
| Any Terrestrial | 17.3 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 10.7 | 9.6 | 5.2 |
| Cable | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 1.3 |
| Cable/Fiber | 9.6 | 9.6 | 9.6 | 9.6 | 9.6 | 5.2 |
| Copper | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Fiber | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 |
| GSO Satellite | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Licensed Fixed Wireless | 7.8 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| NGSO Satellite | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Other | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Unlicensed Fixed Wireless | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
June 2025
| Technology | 2/2 | 10/1 | 25/3 | 100/20 | 250/25 | 1000/100 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Fixed Wireless | 17.0 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| All Satellite | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 |
| All Wired | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 0.4 |
| All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless | 23.6 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 8.4 | 7.3 | 0.4 |
| Any Technology | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.4 |
| Any Terrestrial | 23.6 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 8.4 | 7.3 | 0.4 |
| Cable | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 0.0 |
| Cable/Fiber | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 0.4 |
| Copper | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Fiber | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
| GSO Satellite | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Licensed Fixed Wireless | 17.0 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| NGSO Satellite | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 |
| Other | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Unlicensed Fixed Wireless | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
FCC Broadband Data Collection (BDC), June 2025 filing vintage. Coverage values show the share of residential broadband serviceable locations by technology and speed tier across D22, J23, D23, J24, D24, and J25 filings.
Source: FCC Broadband Data Collection (BDC), June 2025 Filing (J25). Fixed coverage shows the share of residential broadband serviceable locations, and mobile coverage shows the share of tribal land area.