Virginia / AIANNHCE 8700 / Tribal-designated area

Rappahannock

The full tribal profile includes the report map, demographic tables, broadband tables, FCC provider sections, and interactive charts.

54.0%25/3 availability

49.3%100/20 availability

0.0%1000/100 availability

9Fixed providers

Figure 1. Location of Rappahannock within Virginia, with boundary detail (inset).

About the Tribal Area

In Virginia, this federally recognized tribe uses Rappahannock as its main tribal area, and it . FCC BDC records show 9 fixed providers and 3 mobile providers serving roughly 901 service locations, with current availability of 54.0% at 25/3 Mbps, and 49.3% at 100/20.

Tribal Area Description

Rappahannock is a Tribal-designated statistical area (TDSA), a Census statistical geography delineated for a federally recognized tribe that does not currently have a reservation or off-reservation trust land base. Boundary records for Rappahannock show about 68.0 square miles (43,505 acres) for this tribal-designated area, centered near latitude 37.9387901 and longitude -77.0485504. Local FCC BDC records indicate 9 fixed providers and 3 mobile providers across about 901 service units, with roughly 100.0% fixed 100/20 coverage.

Website Summary: www.rappahannocktribe.org

All Funds go to the Rappahannock Tribe, who are currently engaged in a number of projects ranging from cultural and educational to social and economic development programs, all geared to strengthen and sustain their Community and Cultural Heritage. The Rappahannock Tribe welcomes the public to experience the rich history and serene atmosphere of our Tribal Center and our Return to the River program, reflecting the culture and traditions their people have enjoyed for thousands of years. The mission of the Tribe is to preserve Rappahannock culture, social structures, and political structures while educating the public on the rich contributions that Rappahannocks have made and continue to make to Virginia and the Nation. The Rappahannocks have traditionally hosted their Harvest Festival and Powwow annually on the second Saturday in October at their Cultural Center in Indian Neck, Virginia. Rappahannock Tribe files appeal over withdrawal permit for Virginia river.

Table 1. Demographics

Indicator	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Population	1,967	2,009	2,213	2,255	2,101
Households	615	635	697	742	835
Median age	46.9	44.8	44.1	43.1	45.7
Male / Female	46.9% / 53.1%	49.2% / 50.8%	50.1% / 49.9%	51.7% / 48.3%	50.1% / 49.9%
Avg. household size	3.20	3.16	3.18	3.04	2.52
Pop. density (per sq mi)	28.9	29.6	32.6	33.2	30.9
HH density (per sq mi)	9.1	9.3	10.3	10.9	12.3

Table 2. Economic & Education

Indicator	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Median household income	$46,313	$45,913	$51,629	$57,143	$60,134
Per capita income	$22,808	$24,566	$27,563	$29,010	$33,627
Poverty rate	13.7%	11.7%	12.1%	14.1%	13.0%
Unemployment rate	21.3%	18.1%	17.3%	14.7%	10.6%
HS diploma or higher	57.2%	55.1%	55.4%	59.3%	62.0%
Bachelor's degree or higher	10.3%	8.8%	10.3%	10.4%	12.1%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-Year Estimates. Queried by AIANNHCE code. Population and household density are calculated from Census population or households divided by land area in square miles.

Table 3. Download/Upload Speeds (Mbps)

Period	Download	Upload
2019Q1	10.7 Mbps	2.9 Mbps
2019Q2	7.3 Mbps	0.7 Mbps
2019Q3	11.5 Mbps	4.5 Mbps
2019Q4	36.1 Mbps	7.0 Mbps
2020Q1	108.1 Mbps	12.1 Mbps
2020Q2	25.5 Mbps	6.4 Mbps
2020Q3	215.1 Mbps	38.6 Mbps
2020Q4	348.2 Mbps	31.8 Mbps
2021Q1	36.4 Mbps	9.0 Mbps
2021Q2	10.3 Mbps	4.6 Mbps
2021Q3	59.9 Mbps	15.1 Mbps
2021Q4	41.1 Mbps	7.0 Mbps
2022Q1	46.7 Mbps	7.7 Mbps
2022Q2	50.3 Mbps	7.5 Mbps
2022Q3	29.6 Mbps	6.4 Mbps
2022Q4	46.1 Mbps	6.6 Mbps
2023Q1	184.1 Mbps	107.9 Mbps
2023Q2	225.4 Mbps	197.1 Mbps
2023Q3	154.4 Mbps	137.3 Mbps
2023Q4	214.4 Mbps	170.1 Mbps
2024Q1	229.7 Mbps	94.4 Mbps
2024Q2	197.3 Mbps	73.0 Mbps
2024Q3	241.3 Mbps	134.4 Mbps

Table 4. Coverage by Tier (%)

Year	25/3	100/20	1 Gbps
2015	10.6%	0.0%	0.0%
2016	10.6%	0.0%	0.0%
2017	10.6%	10.6%	0.0%
2018	10.6%	10.6%	0.0%
2019	16.7%	10.6%	0.0%
2020	34.8%	30.3%	0.0%
2021	71.7%	52.0%	6.5%
2022	15.2%	13.6%	0.0%
2023	47.7%	47.5%	0.0%
2024	54.0%	49.3%	0.0%

Table 5. Adoption (%)

Year	All households	Low-income households
2017	0.0%	0.0%
2018	0.0%	0.0%
2019	0.0%	0.0%
2020	13.8%	15.2%
2021	14.0%	16.4%
2022	19.9%	30.4%
2023	25.2%	31.6%
2024	32.1%	35.9%

Table 6. Current Status (2024, %)

Tier	Coverage
25/3 Mbps	54.0%
100/20 Mbps	49.3%
1 Gbps	0.0%

Table 7. Comparison with National Averages (%)

Metric	Tribal	National
25/3 Mbps	54.0%	92%
100/20 Mbps	49.3%	85%
Adoption	32.1%	78%

Sources: FCC Broadband Data Collection, Ookla Open Data Initiative, and U.S. Census Bureau ACS 5-Year Estimates. National benchmarks are carried over from the report comparison section.

Figure 2. Speed Trends (2019–2024)

Figure 3. Availability (2015–2025)

Figure 4. Adoption (2017–2024)

Figure 5. Current Status (2024)

Figure 6. Comparison with National Averages

Figure 7. Fixed Coverage by Technology (25/3 Mbps)

Figure 8. Mobile Area Coverage

Notes: speed trends reflect quarterly mean throughput. Availability shows the share of population with access. Tooltips on the charts expose the underlying values for each series.

Table 8. Broadband Provider Summary

Metric	Value
Fixed broadband providers	9
Mobile broadband providers	3
Broadband serviceable locations	901

Table 9. Broadband Providers

Fixed	Mobile
AT&T Inc.	AT&T Inc.
T-Mobile USA, Inc.	T-Mobile USA, Inc.
EchoStar Corporation	Verizon Communications Inc.
Verizon Communications Inc.	—
Wilkes Telephone Membership Corporation	—
Cogeco Cable Holdings II Inc.	—
Viasat, Inc.	—
Virginia Broadband, LLC	—
Space Exploration Technologies Corp.	—

Table 10. Fixed Coverage by Technology (% of locations)

Technology	25/3	100/20	250/25	1 Gbps
Any Technology	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	37.5%
Fiber	37.5%	37.5%	37.5%	37.5%
Cable	3.0%	3.0%	3.0%	0.0%
Fixed Wireless	8.8%	5.8%	0.0%	0.0%
Copper (DSL)	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Satellite	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	0.0%

Table 11. Mobile Coverage (% of area)

Technology	Coverage
4G LTE	99.1%
5G-NR (Speed Tier 1)	44.1%
5G-NR (Speed Tier 2)	26.5%
Total area (sq mi)	185.701

Table 8. Coverage by Tier and Technology (% of locations)

Dec. 2022

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25
All Fixed Wireless	52.0	2.3	2.3	0.3	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
All Wired	50.8	16.6	13.5	13.5	5.4
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	76.9	17.8	14.8	13.5	5.4
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	13.7	5.4
Any Terrestrial	77.4	18.2	15.3	13.7	5.4
Cable	8.1	8.1	8.1	8.1	0.0
Cable/Fiber	13.5	13.5	13.5	13.5	5.4
Copper	42.7	3.3	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	5.4	5.4	5.4	5.4	5.4
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	51.4	1.6	1.6	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	2.9	0.8	0.8	0.3	0.0

June 2023

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25
All Fixed Wireless	34.9	4.0	4.0	1.3	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
All Wired	69.9	47.8	47.3	47.3	44.3
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	73.9	48.0	47.4	47.3	44.3
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	44.3
Any Terrestrial	74.8	50.3	49.9	48.2	44.3
Cable	11.6	11.6	11.6	11.6	8.4
Cable/Fiber	47.3	47.3	47.3	47.3	44.3
Copper	43.1	3.3	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	37.4	37.4	37.4	37.4	37.4
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	31.7	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	5.3	3.9	3.9	1.3	0.0

Dec. 2023

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25
All Fixed Wireless	45.9	7.8	7.8	5.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
All Wired	46.0	46.0	46.0	46.0	42.7
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	57.3	46.2	46.2	46.1	42.7
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	42.7
Any Terrestrial	59.4	49.1	49.1	47.4	42.7
Cable	12.4	12.4	12.4	12.4	8.8
Cable/Fiber	46.0	46.0	46.0	46.0	42.7
Copper	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	35.5	35.5	35.5	35.5	35.5
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	42.8	3.6	3.6	3.4	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	4.2	4.2	4.2	1.6	0.0

June 2024

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25
All Fixed Wireless	12.7	7.6	7.6	4.8	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
All Wired	48.0	48.0	48.0	48.0	44.1
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	51.9	48.2	48.2	48.1	44.1
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	44.1
Any Terrestrial	54.5	51.0	51.0	49.1	44.1
Cable	12.8	12.8	12.8	12.8	8.8
Cable/Fiber	48.0	48.0	48.0	48.0	44.1
Copper	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	37.2	37.2	37.2	37.2	37.2
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	8.9	3.5	3.5	3.4	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	4.1	4.1	4.1	1.4	0.0

Dec. 2024

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25
All Fixed Wireless	16.2	11.2	11.2	6.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
All Wired	48.6	48.6	48.6	48.6	44.6
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	52.3	49.0	49.0	48.8	44.6
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	44.6
Any Terrestrial	54.8	51.6	51.6	49.8	44.6
Cable	14.0	14.0	14.0	14.0	9.8
Cable/Fiber	48.6	48.6	48.6	48.6	44.6
Copper	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	37.4	37.4	37.4	37.4	37.4
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	12.2	7.1	7.1	4.6	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	4.1	4.1	4.1	1.4	0.0

June 2025

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	35.2	8.8	8.8	5.8	0.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
All Wired	38.7	38.7	38.7	38.7	38.7	37.5
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	64.5	39.3	39.3	39.0	38.7	37.5
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	37.5
Any Terrestrial	67.8	43.2	43.2	40.3	38.7	37.5
Cable	3.0	3.0	3.0	3.0	3.0	0.0
Cable/Fiber	38.7	38.7	38.7	38.7	38.7	37.5
Copper	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	37.5	37.5	37.5	37.5	37.5	37.5
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	31.7	4.8	4.8	4.4	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	4.0	4.0	4.0	1.3	0.0	0.0

FCC Broadband Data Collection (BDC), June 2025 filing vintage. Coverage values show the share of residential broadband serviceable locations by technology and speed tier across D22, J23, D23, J24, D24, and J25 filings.

Source: FCC Broadband Data Collection (BDC), June 2025 Filing (J25). Fixed coverage shows the share of residential broadband serviceable locations, and mobile coverage shows the share of tribal land area.