Washington / AIANNHCE 2040 / Federally-recognized area

Lower Elwha

The full tribal profile includes the report map, demographic tables, broadband tables, FCC provider sections, and interactive charts.

83.6%25/3 availability

37.7%100/20 availability

0.0%1000/100 availability

9Fixed providers

Figure 1. Location of Lower Elwha within Washington, with boundary detail (inset).

About the Tribal Area

Lower Elwha Reservation in Washington is the primary broadband planning geography for this federally recognized tribe, and it spans about 2.2 square miles. FCC BDC records show 9 fixed providers and 3 mobile providers across roughly 49 service locations, and current service levels of 83.6% at 25/3 Mbps, and 37.7% at 100/20.

Tribal Area Description

Tribal lands in Washington are associated with Lower Elwha, a federally recognized tribe. A Klallam tribe in Washington, efforts in river restoration, salmon conservation, and cultural revitalization.

Website Summary: www.elwha.org

ʔéʔɬx̣ʷaʔ nəxʷsƛ̕áy̕əm̕ – The Strong People The Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe is a sovereign, federally recognized Indian Nation, with its own constitution and government. Not only does the Tribe govern itself, but many Tribal administrative departments oversee the everyday function of the reservation and provide for Tribal members. The Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe resides in...

Table 1. Demographics

Indicator	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Population	805	887	717	671	665	613
Households	299	312	262	194	202	197
Median age	27.9	32.2	30.9	30.7	29.5	33.5
Male / Female	46.5% / 53.5%	48.7% / 51.3%	49.4% / 50.6%	52.5% / 47.5%	51.3% / 48.7%	52.0% / 48.0%
Avg. household size	2.69	2.84	2.74	3.46	3.29	3.11
Pop. density (per sq mi)	373.1	411.1	332.4	311.0	308.3	284.1
HH density (per sq mi)	138.6	144.6	121.5	89.9	93.6	91.3

Table 2. Economic & Education

Indicator	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Median household income	$26,716	$29,567	$29,444	$54,375	$51,071	$51,771
Per capita income	$15,940	$16,957	$18,693	$21,758	$20,370	$23,147
Poverty rate	26.0%	30.3%	31.1%	25.3%	29.7%	26.0%
Unemployment rate	13.3%	14.2%	13.8%	11.1%	10.6%	13.0%
HS diploma or higher	54.7%	50.7%	48.4%	54.6%	51.9%	51.4%
Bachelor's degree or higher	9.2%	9.8%	9.0%	12.3%	11.6%	11.9%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-Year Estimates. Queried by AIANNHCE code. Population and household density are calculated from Census population or households divided by land area in square miles.

Table 3. Download/Upload Speeds (Mbps)

Period	Download	Upload
2019Q1	14.0 Mbps	1.6 Mbps
2019Q2	11.3 Mbps	1.6 Mbps
2019Q3	22.9 Mbps	13.2 Mbps
2019Q4	13.3 Mbps	0.8 Mbps
2020Q1	17.6 Mbps	1.1 Mbps
2020Q2	13.8 Mbps	1.5 Mbps
2020Q3	9.7 Mbps	1.0 Mbps
2020Q4	18.5 Mbps	7.3 Mbps
2021Q1	12.0 Mbps	1.9 Mbps
2021Q2	26.0 Mbps	3.1 Mbps
2021Q3	48.7 Mbps	11.5 Mbps
2021Q4	22.3 Mbps	2.3 Mbps
2022Q1	9.1 Mbps	0.6 Mbps
2022Q2	19.4 Mbps	2.4 Mbps
2022Q3	37.4 Mbps	5.4 Mbps
2022Q4	55.8 Mbps	5.4 Mbps
2023Q1	49.2 Mbps	9.2 Mbps
2023Q2	46.4 Mbps	8.5 Mbps
2023Q3	89.1 Mbps	87.8 Mbps
2023Q4	36.9 Mbps	3.1 Mbps
2024Q1	24.1 Mbps	6.1 Mbps
2024Q2	64.7 Mbps	54.7 Mbps
2024Q3	16.4 Mbps	5.0 Mbps

Table 4. Coverage by Tier (%)

Year	25/3	100/20	1 Gbps
2015	45.1%	31.6%	0.0%
2016	44.6%	31.6%	0.0%
2017	44.6%	31.6%	0.0%
2018	69.5%	0.0%	0.0%
2019	82.7%	0.0%	0.0%
2020	100.0%	83.8%	0.0%
2021	92.5%	0.0%	0.0%
2022	18.8%	1.8%	0.0%
2023	29.9%	0.4%	0.0%
2024	83.6%	37.7%	0.0%

Table 5. Adoption (%)

Year	All households	Low-income households
2017	46.4%	36.0%
2018	56.3%	66.7%
2019	41.8%	81.3%
2020	43.3%	81.8%
2021	39.7%	85.5%
2022	61.3%	75.7%
2023	54.0%	67.5%
2024	57.4%	67.6%

Table 6. Current Status (2024, %)

Tier	Coverage
25/3 Mbps	83.6%
100/20 Mbps	37.7%
1 Gbps	0.0%

Table 7. Comparison with National Averages (%)

Metric	Tribal	National
25/3 Mbps	83.6%	92%
100/20 Mbps	37.7%	85%
Adoption	57.4%	78%

Sources: FCC Broadband Data Collection, Ookla Open Data Initiative, and U.S. Census Bureau ACS 5-Year Estimates. National benchmarks are carried over from the report comparison section.

Figure 2. Speed Trends (2019–2024)

Figure 3. Availability (2015–2025)

Figure 4. Adoption (2017–2024)

Figure 5. Current Status (2024)

Figure 6. Comparison with National Averages

Figure 7. Fixed Coverage by Technology (25/3 Mbps)

Figure 8. Mobile Area Coverage

Notes: speed trends reflect quarterly mean throughput. Availability shows the share of population with access. Tooltips on the charts expose the underlying values for each series.

Table 8. Broadband Provider Summary

Metric	Value
Fixed broadband providers	9
Mobile broadband providers	3
Broadband serviceable locations	49

Table 9. Broadband Providers

Fixed	Mobile
Radiate Holdings, LP	AT&T Inc.
Lumen Technologies, Inc.	T-Mobile USA, Inc.
T-Mobile USA, Inc.	Verizon Communications Inc.
EchoStar Corporation	—
Verizon Communications Inc.	—
CresComm WiFi, LLC	—
Viasat, Inc.	—
Native Network, Inc.	—
Space Exploration Technologies Corp.	—

Table 10. Fixed Coverage by Technology (% of locations)

Technology	25/3	100/20	250/25	1 Gbps
Any Technology	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	0.0%
Fiber	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Cable	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Fixed Wireless	85.7%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Copper (DSL)	16.3%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Satellite	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	0.0%

Table 11. Mobile Coverage (% of area)

Technology	Coverage
4G LTE	100.0%
5G-NR (Speed Tier 1)	100.0%
5G-NR (Speed Tier 2)	87.5%
Total area (sq mi)	1.685

Table 8. Coverage by Tier and Technology (% of locations)

Dec. 2022

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25
All Fixed Wireless	58.8	0.3	0.3	0.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
All Wired	67.2	52.5	19.1	2.5	2.5
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	76.9	52.5	19.1	2.5	2.5
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	2.5	2.5
Any Terrestrial	76.9	52.5	19.4	2.5	2.5
Cable	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.5
Cable/Fiber	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.5
Copper	66.3	51.6	16.6	0.0	0.0
Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	58.4	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.0	0.0

June 2023

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25
All Fixed Wireless	55.1	52.2	52.2	0.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
All Wired	67.0	50.1	15.4	0.3	0.3
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	67.0	56.2	40.6	0.3	0.3
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.3
Any Terrestrial	76.5	69.0	61.7	0.3	0.3
Cable	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Cable/Fiber	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Copper	66.7	49.9	15.1	0.0	0.0
Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	38.0	30.1	30.1	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	36.8	36.8	36.8	0.0	0.0

Dec. 2023

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25
All Fixed Wireless	37.3	25.8	25.8	0.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
All Wired	65.0	51.9	16.6	0.3	0.3
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	65.6	55.1	36.0	0.3	0.3
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.3
Any Terrestrial	65.9	55.7	37.3	0.3	0.3
Cable	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Cable/Fiber	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Copper	64.7	51.6	16.2	0.0	0.0
Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	36.0	24.5	24.5	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	1.3	1.3	1.3	0.0	0.0

June 2024

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25
All Fixed Wireless	60.2	54.6	54.6	42.1	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
All Wired	67.4	53.1	17.5	0.3	0.3
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	69.4	60.5	45.4	42.4	0.3
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.3
Any Terrestrial	76.8	69.7	57.6	42.4	0.3
Cable	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Cable/Fiber	0.9	0.9	0.3	0.3	0.3
Copper	67.1	52.8	17.2	0.0	0.0
Fiber	0.6	0.6	0.0	0.0	0.0
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	49.0	42.1	42.1	42.1	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	34.4	34.4	34.4	0.0	0.0

Dec. 2024

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25
All Fixed Wireless	97.0	96.2	96.2	50.6	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
All Wired	67.5	52.7	17.5	0.3	0.3
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	70.1	60.6	46.8	42.3	0.3
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.3
Any Terrestrial	99.1	98.8	97.6	50.9	0.3
Cable	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Cable/Fiber	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Copper	67.2	52.4	17.2	0.0	0.0
Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	56.2	43.5	43.5	42.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	95.3	95.3	95.3	42.0	0.0

June 2025

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25
All Fixed Wireless	96.0	95.3	95.3	43.5	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
All Wired	69.3	54.7	19.9	0.3	0.3
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	70.2	58.4	30.4	5.3	0.3
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Any Terrestrial	98.1	97.8	96.9	43.8	0.3
Cable	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Cable/Fiber	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Copper	68.9	54.4	19.6	0.0	0.0
Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	45.3	14.0	14.0	5.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	95.3	95.3	95.3	42.5	0.0

FCC Broadband Data Collection (BDC), June 2025 filing vintage. Coverage values show the share of residential broadband serviceable locations by technology and speed tier across D22, J23, D23, J24, D24, and J25 filings.

Source: FCC Broadband Data Collection (BDC), June 2025 Filing (J25). Fixed coverage shows the share of residential broadband serviceable locations, and mobile coverage shows the share of tribal land area.