Washington / AIANNHCE 2070 / Federally-recognized area

Lummi

The full tribal profile includes the report map, demographic tables, broadband tables, FCC provider sections, and interactive charts.

97.5%25/3 availability

94.2%100/20 availability

0.0%1000/100 availability

12Fixed providers

Figure 1. Location of Lummi within Washington, with boundary detail (inset).

About the Tribal Area

Spans about 21 square miles of land plus roughly 16.7 square miles of water in Washington, Lummi Reservation serves as the core reservation for this federally recognized tribe. FCC BDC records show 12 fixed providers and 4 mobile providers across roughly 2,780 service locations, with current availability of 97.5% at 25/3 Mbps, 94.2% at 100/20, and 40.4% at 1000/100.

Tribal Area Description

Located in Washington, Lummi is a federally recognized tribe with tribal lands. The land base is relevant for broadband planning due to rural service coverage and middle-mile access constraints.

Website Summary: www.lummi-nsn.gov

This is the official website of the Lummi Indian Business Council. Updates are provided by departments across the organization. The website includes sections on Council (Opens Council Submenu), CBCs, Lummi Indian Business Council, Office of the Chair, Office of the Vice Chair, and Office of the Secretary.

Table 1. Demographics

Indicator	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Population	5,641	5,501	5,213	5,211	4,917	5,034
Households	1,966	1,881	1,841	1,921	1,839	1,851
Median age	37.3	36.3	37.9	40.2	41.2	42.5
Male / Female	48.4% / 51.6%	47.9% / 52.1%	46.5% / 53.5%	47.2% / 52.8%	48.1% / 51.9%	47.3% / 52.7%
Avg. household size	2.84	2.89	2.78	2.64	2.59	2.62
Pop. density (per sq mi)	270.2	263.5	249.7	249.6	235.5	241.1
HH density (per sq mi)	94.2	90.1	88.2	92.0	88.1	88.7

Table 2. Economic & Education

Indicator	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Median household income	$54,038	$56,603	$61,861	$67,414	$68,808	$72,430
Per capita income	$26,655	$26,642	$30,333	$35,476	$36,120	$38,985
Poverty rate	17.0%	15.1%	14.3%	13.2%	14.5%	12.7%
Unemployment rate	6.7%	8.0%	6.9%	8.5%	8.6%	8.2%
HS diploma or higher	58.0%	56.8%	59.8%	63.0%	62.6%	65.8%
Bachelor's degree or higher	20.8%	18.9%	20.2%	22.9%	22.4%	24.8%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-Year Estimates. Queried by AIANNHCE code. Population and household density are calculated from Census population or households divided by land area in square miles.

Table 3. Download/Upload Speeds (Mbps)

Period	Download	Upload
2019Q1	30.8 Mbps	5.0 Mbps
2019Q2	26.1 Mbps	5.3 Mbps
2019Q3	42.9 Mbps	3.5 Mbps
2019Q4	48.8 Mbps	4.8 Mbps
2020Q1	86.6 Mbps	9.0 Mbps
2020Q2	57.6 Mbps	5.6 Mbps
2020Q3	66.3 Mbps	7.3 Mbps
2020Q4	97.6 Mbps	6.7 Mbps
2021Q1	85.8 Mbps	7.0 Mbps
2021Q2	133.5 Mbps	9.6 Mbps
2021Q3	94.0 Mbps	8.9 Mbps
2021Q4	95.1 Mbps	7.9 Mbps
2022Q1	108.8 Mbps	21.0 Mbps
2022Q2	84.7 Mbps	15.0 Mbps
2022Q3	97.9 Mbps	14.3 Mbps
2022Q4	100.8 Mbps	32.9 Mbps
2023Q1	176.1 Mbps	72.3 Mbps
2023Q2	161.6 Mbps	43.7 Mbps
2023Q3	149.9 Mbps	45.9 Mbps
2023Q4	129.3 Mbps	45.8 Mbps
2024Q1	131.5 Mbps	51.3 Mbps
2024Q2	146.1 Mbps	46.6 Mbps
2024Q3	177.6 Mbps	90.0 Mbps

Table 4. Coverage by Tier (%)

Year	25/3	100/20	1 Gbps
2015	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
2016	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
2017	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
2018	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
2019	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
2020	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
2021	98.3%	53.8%	0.0%
2022	95.1%	93.5%	37.4%
2023	95.4%	94.0%	37.9%
2024	97.5%	94.2%	0.0%

Table 5. Adoption (%)

Year	All households	Low-income households
2017	60.3%	62.5%
2018	61.2%	63.3%
2019	60.2%	73.1%
2020	65.2%	72.3%
2021	69.6%	76.1%
2022	69.9%	83.8%
2023	74.6%	91.7%
2024	76.0%	91.1%

Table 6. Current Status (2024, %)

Tier	Coverage
25/3 Mbps	97.5%
100/20 Mbps	94.2%
1 Gbps	0.0%

Table 7. Comparison with National Averages (%)

Metric	Tribal	National
25/3 Mbps	97.5%	92%
100/20 Mbps	94.2%	85%
Adoption	76.0%	78%

Sources: FCC Broadband Data Collection, Ookla Open Data Initiative, and U.S. Census Bureau ACS 5-Year Estimates. National benchmarks are carried over from the report comparison section.

Figure 2. Speed Trends (2019–2024)

Figure 3. Availability (2015–2025)

Figure 4. Adoption (2017–2024)

Figure 5. Current Status (2024)

Figure 6. Comparison with National Averages

Figure 7. Fixed Coverage by Technology (25/3 Mbps)

Figure 8. Mobile Area Coverage

Notes: speed trends reflect quarterly mean throughput. Availability shows the share of population with access. Tooltips on the charts expose the underlying values for each series.

Table 8. Broadband Provider Summary

Metric	Value
Fixed broadband providers	12
Mobile broadband providers	4
Broadband serviceable locations	2,780

Table 9. Broadband Providers

Fixed	Mobile
AT&T Inc.	AT&T Inc.
Radiate Holdings, LP	T-Mobile USA, Inc.
Lumen Technologies, Inc.	Verizon Communications Inc.
Comcast Corporation	Dish Network Corporation
T-Mobile USA, Inc.	—
EchoStar Corporation	—
Verizon Communications Inc.	—
San Juan Cable, Inc.	—
Declaration Networks Group, Inc.	—
Viasat, Inc.	—
Northwest Fiber, LLC	—
Space Exploration Technologies Corp.	—

Table 10. Fixed Coverage by Technology (% of locations)

Technology	25/3	100/20	250/25	1 Gbps
Any Technology	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	37.8%
Fiber	37.8%	37.8%	37.8%	37.8%
Cable	93.1%	93.1%	37.5%	0.0%
Fixed Wireless	93.5%	5.4%	0.0%	0.0%
Copper (DSL)	21.6%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Satellite	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	0.0%

Table 11. Mobile Coverage (% of area)

Technology	Coverage
4G LTE	100.0%
5G-NR (Speed Tier 1)	86.2%
5G-NR (Speed Tier 2)	77.3%
Total area (sq mi)	113.127

Table 8. Coverage by Tier and Technology (% of locations)

Dec. 2022

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	93.6	92.2	6.7	2.2	0.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
All Wired	97.0	96.3	94.8	92.8	43.3	33.3
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	98.8	96.6	95.1	93.2	43.3	33.3
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	93.2	43.3	33.3
Any Terrestrial	99.6	99.4	95.1	93.2	43.3	33.3
Cable	92.2	92.2	92.2	92.2	40.9	0.0
Cable/Fiber	92.8	92.8	92.8	92.8	43.3	33.3
Copper	53.0	37.1	19.5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	33.3	33.3	33.3	33.3	33.3	33.3
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	19.9	6.5	6.5	2.2	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	91.5	91.5	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0

June 2023

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	91.5	91.3	16.0	1.5	0.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
All Wired	97.4	96.8	95.0	93.1	42.8	33.5
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	97.6	96.8	95.1	93.2	42.8	33.5
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	42.8	33.5
Any Terrestrial	99.6	99.4	95.1	93.2	42.8	33.5
Cable	91.1	91.1	91.1	91.1	38.7	0.0
Cable/Fiber	93.1	93.1	93.1	93.1	42.8	33.5
Copper	54.0	38.6	19.9	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	33.5	33.5	33.5	33.5	33.5	33.5
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	21.5	16.0	16.0	1.5	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	91.2	91.2	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0

Dec. 2023

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	100.0	100.0	100.0	4.1	0.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
All Wired	97.3	95.4	93.8	92.6	40.3	32.3
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	97.4	95.4	93.9	92.7	40.3	32.3
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	40.3	32.3
Any Terrestrial	100.0	100.0	100.0	92.7	40.3	32.3
Cable	92.0	92.0	92.0	92.0	37.7	0.0
Cable/Fiber	92.6	92.6	92.6	92.6	40.3	32.3
Copper	52.5	35.3	17.2	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	32.3	32.3	32.3	32.3	32.3	32.3
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	27.1	18.3	18.3	4.1	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0

June 2024

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	96.9	96.7	96.7	0.8	0.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
All Wired	97.0	96.8	95.1	93.7	40.8	33.9
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	97.3	97.1	95.4	93.8	40.8	33.9
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	40.8	33.9
Any Terrestrial	99.7	99.7	99.6	93.8	40.8	33.9
Cable	93.2	93.2	93.2	93.2	37.5	0.0
Cable/Fiber	93.7	93.7	93.7	93.7	40.8	33.9
Copper	48.8	40.8	22.4	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	34.0	34.0	33.9	33.9	33.9	33.9
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	19.3	10.2	10.2	0.8	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	96.3	96.3	96.3	0.0	0.0	0.0

Dec. 2024

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	96.7	96.4	96.4	0.7	0.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
All Wired	97.0	96.8	95.2	93.7	41.1	34.2
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	97.1	96.8	95.3	93.7	41.1	34.2
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	41.1	34.2
Any Terrestrial	99.6	99.6	99.6	93.7	41.1	34.2
Cable	93.2	93.2	93.2	93.2	37.9	0.0
Cable/Fiber	93.7	93.7	93.7	93.7	41.1	34.2
Copper	48.4	40.4	22.1	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	34.2	34.2	34.2	34.2	34.2	34.2
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	20.8	10.2	10.2	0.7	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	96.1	96.1	96.1	0.0	0.0	0.0

June 2025

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	93.8	93.5	93.5	5.4	0.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
All Wired	96.8	96.6	95.0	93.6	44.5	37.8
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	97.1	96.6	95.3	93.6	44.5	37.8
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	37.8
Any Terrestrial	99.3	99.2	99.2	93.6	44.5	37.8
Cable	93.1	93.1	93.1	93.1	37.5	0.0
Cable/Fiber	93.6	93.6	93.6	93.6	44.5	37.8
Copper	47.5	39.5	21.6	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	37.8	37.8	37.8	37.8	37.8	37.8
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	19.3	11.3	11.3	5.4	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	93.1	93.1	93.1	0.0	0.0	0.0

FCC Broadband Data Collection (BDC), June 2025 filing vintage. Coverage values show the share of residential broadband serviceable locations by technology and speed tier across D22, J23, D23, J24, D24, and J25 filings.

Source: FCC Broadband Data Collection (BDC), June 2025 Filing (J25). Fixed coverage shows the share of residential broadband serviceable locations, and mobile coverage shows the share of tribal land area.