Washington / AIANNHCE 2475 / Federally-recognized area

Nooksack

The full tribal profile includes the report map, demographic tables, broadband tables, FCC provider sections, and interactive charts.

60.1%25/3 availability

57.4%100/20 availability

0.0%1000/100 availability

10Fixed providers

Figure 1. Location of Nooksack within Washington, with boundary detail (inset).

About the Tribal Area

Nooksack Reservation in Washington is the primary broadband planning geography for this federally recognized tribe, and it spans less than 0.1 square miles. FCC BDC records show 10 fixed providers and 4 mobile providers across roughly 242 service locations, and current service levels of 60.1% at 25/3 Mbps, 57.4% at 100/20, and 32.3% at 1000/100.

Tribal Area Description

Tribal lands in Washington are associated with Nooksack, a federally recognized tribe. The land base is relevant for broadband planning due to rural service coverage and middle-mile access constraints.

Website Summary: nooksacktribe.org

Both our Council and Government work to create a better future for every Nooksack and ensure our tribe’s sovereignty. Our tribe is located in Deming, Washington, just 15 miles east of Bellingham, 12 miles south of the Canadian border, nestled amongst majestic mountains, lush forest, and the meandering and dynamic Nooksack River. Take a look at recent activities and exciting announcements from the Nooksack Tribe. Here in this scenic locale, we maintain a Tribal Council and Tribal Government. We hope you’ll use this website to learn more about our tribe, our Council and Government, and that you’ll join us in the mission of supporting and preserving indigenous culture and people. We are a tribe of approximately 2,000 members, located in our ancestral homeland in the northwest corner of Washington State. Connecting you to the right resources, people, and support.

Table 1. Demographics

Indicator	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Population	1,101	1,044	899	825	780	714
Households	289	277	247	228	214	212
Median age	29.3	31.3	31.7	32.0	34.7	36.9
Male / Female	51.5% / 48.5%	49.5% / 50.5%	50.2% / 49.8%	51.0% / 49.0%	50.6% / 49.4%	47.3% / 52.7%
Avg. household size	3.78	3.74	3.61	3.57	3.58	3.30
Pop. density (per sq mi)	97686.9	92629.5	79764.3	73198.6	69205.9	63350.1
HH density (per sq mi)	25641.7	24577.0	21915.2	20229.4	18987.3	18809.8

Table 2. Economic & Education

Indicator	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Median household income	$47,083	$45,903	$48,594	$57,857	$63,333	$70,000
Per capita income	$17,298	$17,672	$20,360	$22,984	$23,386	$26,238
Poverty rate	32.3%	31.3%	27.8%	23.1%	22.1%	16.2%
Unemployment rate	17.2%	13.9%	10.3%	6.2%	4.1%	4.8%
HS diploma or higher	51.6%	48.2%	56.6%	58.6%	59.7%	58.8%
Bachelor's degree or higher	9.3%	8.4%	11.4%	11.0%	11.6%	11.0%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-Year Estimates. Queried by AIANNHCE code. Population and household density are calculated from Census population or households divided by land area in square miles.

Table 3. Download/Upload Speeds (Mbps)

Period	Download	Upload
2019Q1	69.7 Mbps	6.3 Mbps
2019Q2	75.3 Mbps	7.2 Mbps
2019Q3	59.2 Mbps	3.1 Mbps
2019Q4	91.5 Mbps	13.0 Mbps
2020Q1	62.6 Mbps	8.3 Mbps
2020Q2	84.6 Mbps	8.9 Mbps
2020Q3	84.4 Mbps	8.2 Mbps
2020Q4	84.8 Mbps	5.9 Mbps
2021Q1	83.0 Mbps	9.5 Mbps
2021Q2	137.0 Mbps	13.0 Mbps
2021Q3	98.3 Mbps	15.4 Mbps
2021Q4	41.6 Mbps	6.4 Mbps
2022Q1	35.8 Mbps	3.8 Mbps
2022Q2	136.9 Mbps	30.4 Mbps
2022Q3	38.1 Mbps	14.7 Mbps
2022Q4	72.6 Mbps	9.1 Mbps
2023Q1	24.3 Mbps	12.4 Mbps
2023Q2	156.8 Mbps	15.9 Mbps
2023Q3	151.8 Mbps	49.0 Mbps
2023Q4	119.1 Mbps	19.9 Mbps
2024Q1	150.2 Mbps	34.4 Mbps
2024Q2	91.7 Mbps	13.3 Mbps
2024Q3	88.8 Mbps	14.3 Mbps

Table 4. Coverage by Tier (%)

Year	25/3	100/20	1 Gbps
2015	100.0%	96.5%	0.0%
2016	100.0%	96.5%	0.0%
2017	100.0%	96.5%	0.0%
2018	100.0%	96.5%	0.0%
2019	100.0%	96.5%	0.0%
2020	100.0%	96.5%	0.0%
2021	76.1%	33.4%	0.0%
2022	52.3%	50.2%	0.9%
2023	53.2%	52.4%	0.4%
2024	60.1%	57.4%	0.0%

Table 5. Adoption (%)

Year	All households	Low-income households
2017	55.2%	64.1%
2018	51.2%	72.1%
2019	59.9%	62.5%
2020	59.2%	55.6%
2021	61.1%	55.6%
2022	68.4%	68.4%
2023	69.6%	73.0%
2024	70.8%	74.2%

Table 6. Current Status (2024, %)

Tier	Coverage
25/3 Mbps	60.1%
100/20 Mbps	57.4%
1 Gbps	0.0%

Table 7. Comparison with National Averages (%)

Metric	Tribal	National
25/3 Mbps	60.1%	92%
100/20 Mbps	57.4%	85%
Adoption	70.8%	78%

Sources: FCC Broadband Data Collection, Ookla Open Data Initiative, and U.S. Census Bureau ACS 5-Year Estimates. National benchmarks are carried over from the report comparison section.

Figure 2. Speed Trends (2019–2024)

Figure 3. Availability (2015–2025)

Figure 4. Adoption (2017–2024)

Figure 5. Current Status (2024)

Figure 6. Comparison with National Averages

Figure 7. Fixed Coverage by Technology (25/3 Mbps)

Figure 8. Mobile Area Coverage

Notes: speed trends reflect quarterly mean throughput. Availability shows the share of population with access. Tooltips on the charts expose the underlying values for each series.

Table 8. Broadband Provider Summary

Metric	Value
Fixed broadband providers	10
Mobile broadband providers	4
Broadband serviceable locations	242

Table 9. Broadband Providers

Fixed	Mobile
Radiate Holdings, LP	AT&T Inc.
Comcast Corporation	T-Mobile USA, Inc.
EchoStar Corporation	Verizon Communications Inc.
Verizon Communications Inc.	Dish Network Corporation
Declaration Networks Group, Inc.	—
Viasat, Inc.	—
Space Exploration Technologies Corp.	—
AT&T Inc.	—
T-Mobile USA, Inc.	—
Northwest Fiber, LLC	—

Table 10. Fixed Coverage by Technology (% of locations)

Technology	25/3	100/20	250/25	1 Gbps
Any Technology	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	36.0%
Fiber	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Cable	55.8%	55.8%	55.8%	36.0%
Fixed Wireless	73.1%	3.3%	0.4%	0.0%
Copper (DSL)	0.8%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Satellite	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	0.0%

Table 11. Mobile Coverage (% of area)

Technology	Coverage
4G LTE	100.0%
5G-NR (Speed Tier 1)	98.5%
5G-NR (Speed Tier 2)	87.9%
Total area (sq mi)	13.904

Table 8. Coverage by Tier and Technology (% of locations)

Dec. 2022

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	86.8	72.3	28.7	5.1	0.0	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
All Wired	71.3	57.4	57.1	56.8	56.8	0.3
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	92.9	59.8	59.5	56.8	56.8	0.3
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	56.8	56.8	0.3
Any Terrestrial	96.0	76.7	59.5	56.8	56.8	0.3
Cable	56.8	56.8	56.8	56.8	56.8	0.0
Cable/Fiber	56.8	56.8	56.8	56.8	56.8	0.3
Copper	41.9	1.0	0.3	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	78.0	28.7	28.7	5.1	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	72.3	72.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0

June 2023

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25
All Fixed Wireless	68.8	67.9	5.9	0.4	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
All Wired	67.1	51.9	51.0	50.6	50.6
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	67.1	52.7	51.9	50.6	50.6
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	50.6
Any Terrestrial	84.8	73.8	52.3	51.0	50.6
Cable	50.6	50.6	50.6	50.6	50.6
Cable/Fiber	50.6	50.6	50.6	50.6	50.6
Copper	41.4	1.3	0.4	0.0	0.0
Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	13.9	5.5	5.5	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	67.5	67.5	0.4	0.4	0.0

Dec. 2023

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	80.8	80.1	80.1	0.4	0.4	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
All Wired	67.0	49.6	48.9	48.5	48.5	0.4
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	67.0	49.6	48.9	48.5	48.5	0.4
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	48.9	0.4
Any Terrestrial	89.1	80.1	80.1	48.9	48.9	0.4
Cable	48.2	48.2	48.2	48.2	48.2	0.0
Cable/Fiber	48.5	48.5	48.5	48.5	48.5	0.4
Copper	42.0	1.1	0.4	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	17.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	80.1	80.1	80.1	0.4	0.4	0.0

June 2024

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	80.0	74.8	74.8	0.4	0.4	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
All Wired	58.4	58.4	55.2	54.4	54.4	11.6
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	64.4	58.8	55.6	54.4	54.4	11.6
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	54.8	11.6
Any Terrestrial	83.2	78.0	78.0	54.8	54.8	11.6
Cable	54.0	54.0	54.0	54.0	54.0	11.2
Cable/Fiber	54.4	54.4	54.4	54.4	54.4	11.6
Copper	4.0	4.0	0.8	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	22.4	2.4	2.4	0.0	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	74.0	74.0	74.0	0.4	0.4	0.0

Dec. 2024

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	75.2	74.8	74.8	0.4	0.4	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
All Wired	59.2	59.2	56.0	55.2	55.2	34.4
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	60.4	59.6	56.4	55.2	55.2	34.4
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	55.6	34.4
Any Terrestrial	78.4	78.0	78.0	55.6	55.6	34.4
Cable	54.8	54.8	54.8	54.8	54.8	34.0
Cable/Fiber	55.2	55.2	55.2	55.2	55.2	34.4
Copper	4.4	4.0	0.8	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	18.8	4.0	4.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	74.0	74.0	74.0	0.4	0.4	0.0

June 2025

Technology	2/2	10/1	25/3	100/20	250/25	1000/100
All Fixed Wireless	73.5	73.1	73.1	3.3	0.4	0.0
All Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
All Wired	59.5	59.5	56.6	55.8	55.8	36.0
All Wired and Licensed Fixed Wireless	61.2	59.9	57.0	55.8	55.8	36.0
Any Technology	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	36.0
Any Terrestrial	77.3	76.9	76.9	56.2	56.2	36.0
Cable	55.8	55.8	55.8	55.8	55.8	36.0
Cable/Fiber	55.8	55.8	55.8	55.8	55.8	36.0
Copper	3.7	3.7	0.8	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fiber	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
GSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Licensed Fixed Wireless	18.2	10.7	10.7	2.9	0.0	0.0
NGSO Satellite	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	0.0
Other	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Unlicensed Fixed Wireless	72.7	72.7	72.7	0.4	0.4	0.0

FCC Broadband Data Collection (BDC), June 2025 filing vintage. Coverage values show the share of residential broadband serviceable locations by technology and speed tier across D22, J23, D23, J24, D24, and J25 filings.

Source: FCC Broadband Data Collection (BDC), June 2025 Filing (J25). Fixed coverage shows the share of residential broadband serviceable locations, and mobile coverage shows the share of tribal land area.